{"operation":"document","citation":"64 FR 15926","title":"Pipeline Safety: Adoption of Consensus Standards for Breakout Tanks","source_type":"rulemaking","agency":"Research and Special Programs Administration","status":"historical","official":true,"published_on":"1999-04-02","effective_on":null,"summary":"This final rule incorporates by reference consensus standards for aboveground steel storage tanks into the hazardous liquid pipeline safety regulations. These standards apply to the design, construction, and testing of new tanks, and the repairs, alterations and replacement of existing tanks. All new and existing breakout tanks are also subject to the operating and maintenance requirements specified in this rule. The incorporation by reference of these thirteen standards will significantly improve the minimum level of safety applicable to the transportation and storage of petroleum and petroleum products at breakout tanks throughout the United States.","machine_formats":{"json":"https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/federal-register-99-7442.json","markdown":"https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/federal-register-99-7442.md"},"app_url":"https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/federal-register-99-7442","source_url":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1999/04/02/99-7442/pipeline-safety-adoption-of-consensus-standards-for-breakout-tanks","body":"Federal Register, Volume 64 Issue 63 (Friday, April 2, 1999) [Federal Register Volume 64, Number 63 (Friday, April 2, 1999)] [Rules and Regulations] [Pages 15926-15936] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [ www.gpo.gov ] [FR Doc No: 99-7442] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Research and Special Programs Administration 49 CFR Part 195 [Docket No. RSPA-97-2095; Amendment 195-66] [RIN 2137-AC 11] Pipeline Safety: Adoption of Consensus Standards for Breakout Tanks AGENCY: Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), DOT. ACTION: Final Rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: This final rule incorporates by reference consensus standards for aboveground steel storage tanks into the hazardous liquid pipeline safety regulations. These standards apply to the design, construction, and testing of new tanks, and the repairs, alterations and replacement of existing tanks. All new and existing breakout tanks are also subject to the operating and maintenance requirements specified in this rule. The incorporation by reference of these thirteen standards will significantly improve the minimum level of safety applicable to the transportation and storage of petroleum and petroleum products at breakout tanks throughout the United States. DATES: Effective Date: This final rule takes effect May 3, 1999. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in the rule is approved by the Director of the Federal Register May 3, 1999. Compliance date: Except under Sec. 195.432, compliance with consensus [[Page 15927]] standards that are incorporated by reference is not required until October 2, 2000. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mike Israni, Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS), telephone: (202) 366-4571, FAX: (202) 366-4566, e-mail: [email protected] , regarding the subject matter of this rule; or the Docket Facility, telephone (202) 366-9329, regarding copies of this final rule or other material in the docket. Comments may be accessed electronically at http://dms.dot.gov . General information about the RSPA/Office of Pipeline Safety programs can be obtained by accessing OPS's Internet home page at http:// ops.dot.gov . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background The failure of a storage tank not associated with pipeline transportation provided much of the incentive to improve consensus standards for aboveground steel storage tanks. On January 2, 1988, at a barge terminal in Floreffe, Pennsylvania, a newly recommissioned storage tank suddenly collapsed and released 3.9 million gallons of diesel oil. Although the earthen dike contained most of the diesel oil, an estimated 750,000 gallons were spilled into the Monongahela River and eventually flowed into the Ohio River. The publicity and costly consequences of this failure caused widespread concern about the safety of all aboveground storage tanks. Responding to the aftermath of this event, petroleum industry engineers and the American Petroleum Institute considerably updated existing standards and developed several new standards. In the 10-year period from 1987-1996, operators of breakout tanks reported 152 accidents to RSPA. These accidents caused no deaths; three injuries to pipeline personnel; $12,422,894 of property damage; and 153,972 spilled barrels. The causes were reported as: 25 leaks in the tank floor; 30 incorrect operations; 8 outside forces; and 26 malfunctions of control or relief equipment. The remaining 63 were related to problems with floating roof water drain lines, lightning, and miscellaneous other causes. The pipeline safety regulations have not been revised to reflect the updating and development of new consensus standards for aboveground steel storage tanks. Instead, they remain very limited in scope and too general to address many safety-related aspects. Consequently, RSPA recognizes the need to update the safety regulations for breakout tanks. The most appropriate means of updating is the incorporation by reference into Part 195 of selected consensus standards. They are widely understood and have been extensively implemented by the operators of breakout tanks. RSPA provided operators of breakout tanks, the petroleum industry and the general public the opportunity to provide early input on RSPA's intent to incorporate consensus standards for storage tanks through public meetings. RSPA contracted with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) to obtain professional assistance in the selection of consensus standards to be incorporated into the breakout tank regulations. TTI is associated with Texas A&M University at College station, Texas. All consensus standards are being adopted on a prospective basis, meaning design, construction and testing requirements apply to new tank construction and future repairs, alterations or replacements of existing tanks. Operating and maintenance requirements apply to future operating and maintenance activities. The deadlines for compliance with the new requirements are specified in the appropriate sections of this rule. For additional background information regarding this rule please refer to the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) [63 FR 27903; May 21,1998]. Proposed Rule RSPA published an NPRM (63 FR 27903; May 21, 1998), proposing to incorporate 12 consensus standards for aboveground breakout storage tanks into 49 CFR Part 195. In addition, a 13th consensus standard, API 510, has been added for inspection of high pressure vessels built to API standard 2510. The NPRM requested interested persons to submit comments by July 20, 1998. It was also stated that late filed comments would be considered as far as practicable. We received comments from nine sources including American Petroleum Institute (API) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prior to 7/20/98. After which, API and EPA filed second set of comments on 10/19/98 and 12/3/98 respectively. Final Rule This final rule incorporates consensus standards for aboveground breakout storage tanks into 49 CFR Part 195. Currently Sec. 195.3 lists 18 publications that have been incorporated by reference into Part 195. This rule now incorporates all or parts of an additional six API standards (510, 620, 650, 653, 2000 and 2510), one API Specification (12F), four API Recommended Practices (651, 652, 2003 and 2350), one API Publication (2026), and NFPA 30. Subpart A--General. Revised Sec. 195.1(c) explains the applicability of Part 195 to breakout tanks. It further explains that anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks need not comply with certain requirements in Part 195. Listed below are 13 standards incorporated by reference wholly or partially. For further information about these documents please refer to the NPRM [63 FR 27903; May 21, 1998] or the individual standards. 1. API SPECIFICATION 12F--Specification for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, Eleventh Edition, November 1, 1994. 2. API 510--Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Maintenance Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration, Eighth Edition, June 1997. API 510 has been added for purposes of inspection of high pressure breakout tanks built to API standard 2510. 3. API STANDARD 620--Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low- Pressure Storage Tanks, Ninth Edition, February 1996 (Including Addenda 1 and 2). 4. API STANDARD 650--Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, Ninth Edition, July 1993 (Including Addenda 1 through 4). 5. API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 651--Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks, Second Edition, Dec. 1997. 6. API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 652--Lining of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms, Second Edition, December 1997. 7. API STANDARD 653--Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, Second Edition, December 1995 (Including Addenda 1 and 2). 8. API STANDARD 2000--Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Fourth Edition, September 1992. 9. API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2003--Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents, Sixth Edition, September 1998. 10. API PUBLICATION 2026--Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum Service, Second Edition, April 1998. 11. API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2350--Overfill Protection for Storage Tanks In Petroleum Facilities, Second Edition, Jan. 1996. 12. API STANDARD 2510--Design and Construction of LPG Installations, Seventh Edition, May 1995. [[Page 15928]] 13. NFPA 30--Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 1996 Edition. Subpart C--Design Requirements The revised Sec. 195.132 now includes requirements for critical engineering subjects, such as materials, design, fabrication, erection, methods of inspecting joints, welding procedure and welder qualifications, and marking. It also contains other important topics including foundations, external floating roofs, seismic design, aluminum dome roofs, internal floating roofs, inspection and testing, and requirements for operating at elevated temperatures. These topics are typical of the engineering subjects covered by incorporating by reference the following standards: (1) API Specification 12F for shop-fabricated tanks with vapor space pressure that are approximately atmospheric with capacity of 90 to 750 barrels. (2) API Standard 650 for atmospheric pressure tanks with pressures not greater than 2.5 psig. (3) API Standard 620 for low pressure tanks with vapor space pressures not greater than 15 psig. (4) API Standard 2510 for LPG tanks with capacity of 2000 gallons or more and pressures greater than 15 psig. Subpart D--Construction A new Sec. 195.205 on Repair, alteration and reconstruction of breakout tanks that have been in service requires that tanks built to API 650 and API 12C are to be modified in accordance with API Standard 653. Also, tanks built to API 620 may be modified by the design, welding examination and testing provisions of API standard 653 in proper conformance with the stresses, joint efficiencies, material and other provisions in API standard 620. For tanks built to API 2510 modifications are to be performed in accordance with the API 510. In Sec. 195.242 requirements for cathodic protection have been amended for the aboveground tanks by referencing API Recommended Practices 651 for the bottoms of the tanks and API Recommended Practices 652 for the internal lining of the tank bottom. In Sec. 195.264, requirements for impoundment, protection against entry, normal/emergency venting and pressure/vacuum relief for the above ground breakout tanks have been revised. In addition some requirements of NFPA 30 have been added for impoundment by diking. Subpart E--Pressure Testing A new Sec. 195.307 requires pressure testing of breakout tanks newly placed in service or returned to service after 18 months. Testing requirements reference specified tank standards. Subpart F--Operation and Maintenance A new Sec. 195.405 requires protection against ignitions and safe access/egress involving floating roofs in accordance with API RP 2003. Section 195.416 has been amended by adding a provision for the inspection of cathodic protection systems for breakout tanks in accordance with API RP 651. Section 195.428 has been amended by adding provisions for the installation of over pressure safety devices and overfill protection systems in accordance with API RP 2350 and API Standard 2510. Section 195.432 has been revised to provide maintenance inspection of breakout tanks and diking in accordance with the provisions of API Standard 653, and API Standard 2510. Discussion of Comments We received comments from the following sources in response to the NPRM: Trade associations: American Petroleum Institute (API); The Fertilizer Institute (TFI); Steel Tank Institute (STI); and Independent Liquid Terminals Association (ILTA) Standards organization: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Pipeline operators: Conoco Pipeline Company (CONOCO); TE Products Pipeline Company (TEPPCO); and Amoco Pipeline Company (AMOCO) Federal agency: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) In addition, as discussed under another heading below, the Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee considered and submitted a report on the proposed rules. Five of the nine commenters (API, AMOCO, CONOCO, TEPPCO, NFPA) generally supported the NPRM, but expressed concerns or suggested changes, CONOCO by endorsing API's views. EPA opposed our regulatory approach of referencing consensus standards, but nevertheless submitted comments on specific issues. Of the remaining three commenters, TFI and ILTA raised particular points about the NPRM, and STI recommended additional standards to incorporate by reference. We did not consider the additional consensus standards STI suggested because the suggestions were not tied to any particular aspect of the NPRM. All other significant comments on the NPRM are summarized in this section of the preamble, where we also explain our response to those comments. Organization of Breakout Tank Rules API commented that all substantive regulations on breakout tanks should be consolidated in a single subpart in Part 195, rather than scattered among several subparts. We did not adopt this suggestion because we consider it impractical. Part 195 defines a ``pipeline system'' to include breakout tanks. Breakout tanks also come within the meaning of ``pipeline facility'' as defined in Part 195. Consequently, apart from the final rules in this document, there are many substantive regulations in Part 195 governing pipeline facilities or pipeline systems that apply to breakout tanks. For example, the accident reporting requirements in Subpart B, the operations and maintenance manual requirements in Sec. 195.402, and the training requirements in Sec. 195.403 apply to breakout tanks because these regulations cover all parts of a pipeline system. So to combine all the substantive requirements for breakout tanks in a single subpart would require duplicating many regulations or making many cross references, and neither approach is desirable. Still we believe readers could benefit from more direction on how to recognize which Part 195 regulations apply to breakout tanks. So we have replaced Sec. 195.1(c) to explain the applicability of Part 195 to breakout tanks. We also revised Sec. 195.1(c) by deleting certain compliance deadlines that have expired. Incorporation by Reference Two commenters indicated there is possibly some confusion over the exact composition of matter incorporated by reference. First, TEPPCO asked whether a document or part of a document that is referenced by material incorporated by reference is similarly incorporated by reference. AMOCO declared that such internal references have no regulatory force. On the contrary, we believe if a document part that is incorporated by reference refers to a separate part of the same document or another document, compliance with that separate part is required if it is necessary for compliance with the original referenced document part. If the internal reference is informational or advisory and not necessary for compliance, then operators are not obliged to comply with it. [[Page 15929]] TEPPCO and API suggested that we amend the section in Part 195 that lists referenced documents (Sec. 195.3) to state which parts of the documents are incorporated by reference if the whole document is not incorporated. Section 195.3(a) now provides that an entire document is not incorporated by reference in Part 195 when only a part of the document is referenced. Whether an entire document or only part of a document is referenced depends on the scope of the reference in the Part 195 section that states the reference. For example, under proposed Sec. 195.132, certain breakout tanks would have to be designed and constructed in accordance with certain API documents. Thus, all provisions of the API documents that apply to design and construction of breakout tanks would be incorporated by reference. If those provisions are found in only parts of the documents, then only those parts would be incorporated by reference. But if an entire document governs design and construction, the entire document would be incorporated by reference. Although we do not think it would be practical to duplicate in Sec. 195.3 the scope of the various references included throughout Part 195, we are amending the lead-in to Sec. 195.3(c) to clarify that the listed publications may be referenced in whole or in part in Part 195. Engineering Judgment API commented that its consensus standards were developed as an aid to engineering judgment, not as a replacement for it. It said that its consensus standards may not fit every tank situation and were not intended to be strictly met. Therefore, API suggested that in enforcing the standards, we recognize the need for engineering judgment and look for attainment of objectives (such as tank integrity and release prevention) rather than strict adherence to the terms of the standards. On this issue, EPA noted that in many of API's consensus standards the requirements are optional. A document's foreword may permit operators not to meet sections they consider unnecessary to follow in particular circumstances. As an example, EPA cited API 653 (referenced in proposed Secs. 195.205, 195.307, and 195.432) in which the foreword states ``If tanks are inspected, repaired, altered, or reconstructed in accordance with this standard, the owner/operator may elect to modify, delete, or amplify sections of this standard.'' In the NPRM, we proposed the following levels of compliance for the different types of API and NFPA documents that would be incorporated by reference: Standard, Specification or Code--An operator would be expected to comply with the provisions. Recommended Practice--An operator would be expected to follow the provisions unless the operator notes in the procedural manual the reasons why compliance with all or certain provisions is not necessary for the safety of a particular breakout tank or tanks. Publication--These provisions provide guidelines, safety practices and precautions for the operator's review and consideration for inclusion in the procedural manual. By this proposal we meant that operators would have to meet the referenced parts of standards, specifications, and codes according to the terms of those parts. Although operators could decide not to abide by referenced parts of recommended practices or publications, we did not intend for them to have this same discretion regarding compliance with referenced parts of standards, specifications, or codes. Therefore, in the final rules, none of the references to parts of standards, specifications, or codes may be interpreted to include a statement in the document's foreword or elsewhere outside the referenced part that would absolve the operator of its responsibility to comply with the referenced part. For example, the statement in section 1-1.3 of NFPA 30 that the code does not apply to ``[t]ransportation of flammable and combustible liquids, as governed by the U. S. Department of Transportation'' does not nullify the references to particular sections of NFPA 30 in final Sec. 195.264. Nonetheless, if the referenced part of a standard, specification, or code allows or calls for the use of engineering judgment, in determining compliance with the referenced part, we will not object to the use of judgment. We will, however, compare the judgment used against what is reasonable under the circumstances. If an operator wishes to achieve a particular objective in a way that differs from the referenced part of a standard, specification, or code or falls outside the range of allowable judgment, it can request permission to do so by applying to us or the appropriate state agency, as applicable, for a waiver of the referenced part (see 49 U.S.C. 60118). EPA also raised an enforcement issue with regard to the proposed references to API recommended practices (Secs. 195.242 (c) and (d), 195.405, 195.416(j), and 195.428(c)). EPA said that although an operator would have to include in its procedural manual its reason for not applying a practice to a particular tank, the proposal did not provide a way for us to order compliance with the practice if we do not agree with the operator's reason. This additional provision is not needed, however, because operators' procedural manuals are subject to review and amendment by our enforcement personnel. Under the enforcement procedures in 49 CFR 190.237, if our enforcement personnel have reason to believe an operator's operations and maintenance procedures are inadequate for safety, they conduct proceedings to determine the adequacy and can order the operator to change any procedures found inadequate. In addition, under 49 CFR 190.233, we can order immediate corrective action for any pipeline facility that we believe poses a serious threat to life or property. Performance Standards v. Consensus Standards EPA stated that requiring operators to apply consensus standards would lock them into present-day technologies and practices, and prevent them from using innovative techniques until we grant special approvals or reference a later consensus standard that permits the new techniques. As an alternative approach, EPA recommended that we adopt tank rules that establish the level of performance to be achieved, leaving operators free to use the latest technologies and practices to achieve it. In contrast, API pointed out that its standards are regularly revised and reflect constant improvement by committees of experts, so that use of new technologies is not discouraged. API also noted that we have been amending our pipeline safety standards to stay apace with changes to referenced consensus standards. We recognize the advantage of performance standards, and Part 195 has many standards of this kind. But it also has standards that incorporate consensus standards by reference. Consensus standards have been referenced when performance standards were not available or could not be developed soon enough to meet the need for safety regulation. Still, in our experience, referencing consensus standards has not stymied the use of new pipeline technologies. As API said about its own standards, most of the referenced standards are updated regularly. Moreover, our pipeline safety regulations allow operators to use new technologies permitted under the latest editions of referenced consensus standards as long as the new technology does not result in less safety than [[Page 15930]] required by the referenced edition (see Sec. 195.101). Environmental Protection EPA said that regulations other than the proposed referenced standards would be needed to protect the environment adequately against potential tank spills. It said operators should be required to evaluate breakout tank areas and provide facilities, equipment, or practices at critical locations to prevent possible major oil discharges from leaving the breakout tank area. EPA also recommended that we require proper security measures to protect against releases from vandalism. This comment did not acknowledge our many existing regulations for breakout tanks that require evaluation and preventive practices to guard against environmental damage. For instance, Sec. 195.402(c)(4) requires operators, as part of their detailed operations and maintenance plan, to determine which facilities would require an immediate response to prevent hazards. Sec. 195.403(a)(3) requires training to recognize conditions likely to cause emergencies in the event of malfunctions or failures; and under Sec. 195.436, operators must protect breakout tank areas against vandalism and unauthorized entry. Further regulations in 49 CFR Part 194 require operators to develop and follow contingency plans for responding to spills from breakout tanks, and to provide adequate resources for oil spill response. Even more environmental protection would be required by the proposed rules that reference consensus standards, especially those standards for corrosion control of tank bottoms and spill impoundment. Therefore, we think the combination of existing breakout tank regulations and those we are adopting in this final rule will result in an adequate level of environmental protection. But we will continue to monitor the safety and environmental record of breakout tanks and take any further action that is warranted by new circumstances. Overlapping Federal Regulation of Breakout Tanks ILTA voiced concern about the dual federal regulation of storage tanks at for-hire and marketing terminals. This commenter noted correctly that a storage tank comes under the definition of ``breakout tank'' in Part 195 if it receives a petroleum product by pipeline and then reinjects it into a pipeline for continued transportation. It said the tank would be subject to EPA's Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) regulations if it can also transfer the product to another mode of transit serving the terminal. ILTA also pointed out that our present definition of ``breakout tank'' is not supported by the 1971 memorandum of understanding (MOU) between DOT (U.S. Coast Guard) and EPA on transportation-related facilities (40 CFR Part 112, App. A), and urged us to continue to work with EPA to lessen the problems of overlapping jurisdiction. In its comment on this subject, EPA asked that we amend our definition of ``breakout tank'' to adhere to the Congressional intent that we regulate only those storage tanks that are ``incidental to pipeline transportation.'' The agency suggested that doing so would require us to exclude tanks that serve non-pipeline modes of transportation. First, it is important to point out that our current definition of ``breakout tank'' was adopted with full cognizance that our statutory authority over hazardous liquid storage tanks is limited to tanks that are incidental to pipeline transportation (46 FR 38358; July 27, 1981). We continue to consider this limitation to bar the regulation of storage tanks used exclusively in non-pipeline modes of transportation, but not to bar the regulation of tanks used intermodally with pipelines, such as breakout tanks that also serve cargo vessels, tank cars, or tank trucks. The application of Part 195 to intermodal breakout tanks was an issue in the case of Exxon Corporation v. United States Secretary of Transportation (978 F.Supp. 946), and the court concluded the tank in question was subject to Part 195. Indeed, we believe that safety and environmental protection are enhanced under our definition of ``breakout tank''. The regulations we are issuing today incorporate up-to-date pipeline industry safety practices that were recently developed by expert engineers to prevent significant storage tank accidents. For this reason, we think these regulations may be more appropriate than EPA's SPCC rules to prevent pipeline breakout tank accidents. And excluding certain categories of tanks from the regulations as a way of minimizing regulatory overlap may not be in the public interest. The members of our Technical Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Standards Committee who represent environmental interests supported the NPRM's approach to environmental protection when the committee discussed the merits of the NPRM. Nevertheless, we are concerned that the industry faces overlapping federal storage tank regulations at intermodal transportation terminals. While the 1971 MOU applies to the Coast Guard's and EPA's regulatory authority under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, we cannot ignore its spillover effect on our own regulatory program. Therefore, we will continue to talk to EPA officials hopefully to reach agreement on the best way for each agency to exercise its regulatory authority at intermodal transportation terminals without creating undue burdens on industry. In this regard, we will work to (1) clarify each agency's jurisdiction to issue pollution prevention and response planning regulations, and define which facilities are jointly regulated and which are exclusively subject to EPA or RSPA regulations; (2) develop a way to resolve site-specific jurisdictional disputes; (3) develop information that explains each agency's jurisdiction at intermodal facilities; (4) jointly oversee operator compliance; (5) address response preparedness issues at certain facilities; and (6) commit additional resources to regional response activities. Anhydrous Ammonia Tanks TFI argued that many of the proposed rules were not appropriate for anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks. It said that because of their unique characteristics, anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks are not treated the same as petroleum breakout tanks in matters of design, construction, operation, and maintenance. TFI listed various problems it saw with the proposed rules and, in some cases, recommended alternative consensus standards. This commenter advised that we either exclude anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks from the final rules or adopt appropriate requirements for these tanks. Because the existing Part 195 standards that apply to breakout tanks apply equally to anhydrous ammonia and petroleum tanks, we did not question whether the proposed references to API and NFPA standards would be suitable for both types of tanks. Now, however, in view of TFI's comment and having no information to the contrary, we are hesitant to impose on operators of anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks any of the proposed rules that we believe might not be wholly appropriate for such tanks. Therefore, we are adding a sentence to the new Sec. 195.1(c) to exclude anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks from final Secs. 195.132(b), 195.205(b), 195.242(c) and (d), 195.264(b) and (e), 195.307, 195.428(c) and (d), and 195.432(b) and (c). At the same time, we will continue to monitor the safety performance of anhydrous ammonia breakout tanks and [[Page 15931]] take any further rulemaking action that is warranted, including referencing appropriate consensus standards. Riveted and Bolted Tanks EPA said the proposed rules do not sufficiently address problems on riveted and bolted tanks. These tanks, it said, are usually older and more susceptible to leaks and their bottoms require different inspection methods. API, however, pointed out that API Standard 653 covers the integrity maintenance of riveted tanks and specifically addresses older tanks. API also said most transportation tanks are welded and that bolted tanks are used in the exploration and production sector of the oil industry. Besides API Standard 653, we believe several other consensus standards we proposed to reference apply to riveted tanks: API Recommended Practice 651, API Recommended Practice 652, API Recommended Practice 2003, API Recommended Practice 2350, API Standard 2000, API Publication 2026, and NFPA 30. Moreover, our safety data do not indicate that additional requirements are needed to combat leakage problems in older riveted tanks. For example, in its breakout tank report (discussed in the NPRM), the Texas Transportation Institute found that the general condition and appearance of the older riveted tanks it investigated were excellent. Although EPA correctly observed that riveted tank inspection differs from welded tank inspection, the NPRM did not propose rules for the methods of inspecting either welded or riveted tanks. As to bolted tanks, our experience shows that these tanks are used primarily to store field production, and few, if any, of these tanks are used as breakout tanks subject to Part 195. Any bolted breakout tanks that do exist are covered by existing Part 195 requirements and are subject to inspection by federal and state pipeline safety enforcement personnel. Operator Error EPA stated that API standards do not address the problem of operator error, which accounts for a large percentage of pipeline spills. EPA suggested operator personnel should receive proper training, and after a spill, operators should review their training practices to see if changes are needed to prevent spills from recurrence based on operator error. The NPRM did not propose training requirements because existing Sec. 195.403 requires breakout tank operators to have a detailed training program for operating and maintenance personnel. Under this program, operators periodically review personnel performances and change the training as necessary to make it effective. In addition, in a separate proceeding, we have proposed new rules on the qualification of personnel to perform safety-related tasks (63 FR 57269; Oct. 27, 1998). We intend to issue a final rule on the qualification of personnel in the near future. Section 195.205(b)(2) In this section, we proposed that the repair, alteration, and reconstruction of breakout tanks built to API Specification 12F, API Standard 620, or API Standard 2510 be done in accordance with those respective standards. API commented that because API Standard 2510 applies to the design and construction of new tanks and has limited application to existing tanks, the reference to API Standard 2510 may be confusing. It suggested that the references in proposed Sec. 195.205(b)(2) be stated more specifically to refer to the ``design, welding, examination, and material requirements of those respective standards.'' API also suggested that we add a sentence to proposed Sec. 195.205(b)(2) to refer to API 510, ``Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: Maintenance Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration,'' for regulation on the repairs and alteration of tanks built to API Standard 2510. Based on this comment, final Sec. 195.205(b)(2) contains more specific references. And we have added a new paragraph under Sec. 195.205(b)(3) regarding use of API 510 for repairs, alteration and reconstruction of high pressure tanks. Section 195.264 We proposed to increase the present requirements of Sec. 195.264 related to spill containment and relief venting. In proposed Sec. 195.264(b)(1)(i), we referenced section 2-3.4.3 of NFPA 30 for secondary containment by impounding around a breakout tank. But we proposed to apply the specific requirements in section 2-3.4.3 concerning ``Class I [flammable] liquids'' to all ``hazardous liquids'' subject to Part 195. API objected to this proposed expansion of the Class I-specific requirements as inappropriate because these requirements are long-standing, well understood, and technically sound. NFPA pointed out that our Class I proposal created the false impression that section 2-3.4.3 of NFPA 30 is limited to Class I liquids, when, in fact, other hazardous liquids are covered as well. Upon reconsideration, we believe the proposed expansion of specific Class I liquid requirements was not consistent with the intent of the NPRM to require the industry to follow consensus standards. Therefore, we have not adopted our proposal replacing ``hazardous liquids'' in the final rule. API also objected to the term ``secondary containment'' in proposed Sec. 195.264(b). It said section 2-3.4.3 of NFPA 30 applies to impoundment, which better describes the function of diked areas around tanks. We agree and have substituted ``impoundment'' for ``secondary containment'' in the final rule. NFPA suggested we reference additional sections of NFPA 30 in Sec. 195.264: section 2-9.3 for security, and sections 2-3.5 and 2-3.6 for normal and emergency venting. The latter two sections, NFPA said, would eliminate the need for references to API documents in proposed Sec. 195.264(e)(1)-(3). Since the NPRM did not propose to substantively change the existing breakout tank security requirement (Sec. 195.264(b)), we did not consider referencing section 2-9.3 of NFPA 30 in the final rule. Further, even though the suggested NFPA 30 sections may yield comparable results, in the absence of negative comments about the proposed references to API documents for normal and emergency venting, we are leaving these API references in the final rule. EPA described what it called ``inherent weaknesses'' in the spill control provisions of NFPA 30. Specifically, EPA said NFPA 30 limits dike height, does not require free board space for precipitation, and allows alternatives that can compromise environmental protection. It also noted the lack of requirements for certification by a professional engineer, spill history records, predictions of spill rate and direction, inspection of impoundment, and response plans with commitment of personnel and equipment. EPA suggested we adopt its SPCC regulations instead of the NFPA requirements. Doing so, EPA said, would result in better environmental protection. But API contended the SPCC regulation is inappropriate for pipeline breakout tanks because it addresses entire plants and contains specific requirements for non- transportation facilities. The weaknesses EPA found with the spill control provisions of NFPA 30 either do not exist or are mitigated by other considerations. Section 2-3.4.3(f) allows dikes of any height that provide normal access to the enclosure. The need for free board must be considered as required by appendix A-2-3.4.3(b). Although section 1-4 permits equivalent alternatives, as we discussed above under the ``Engineering [[Page 15932]] Judgment'' heading, this provision is not included in the parts of NFPA 30 incorporated by reference in Sec. 195.264. None of the Part 195 rules require operators to obtain professional engineer certifications to demonstrate compliance, and we do not consider the lack of such a requirement in NFPA 30 to be a shortcoming in the regulation of spill control. Breakout tank operators have to keep records of spills under Sec. 195.404(b), and Sec. 195.402(c)(4) requires operators to consider potential spill characteristics in determining which facilities may require immediate response in the event of a failure or malfunction. The construction of impoundment must be inspected as required by Sec. 195.204, and spill response plans backed by committed resources are required by Sec. 195.402(e) and 49 CFR Part 194. In conclusion, we are including the proposed references to NFPA 30 in final Sec. 195.264. As we said above in the discussion on overlapping federal regulation, because the final rules are directed primarily at preventing breakout tank accidents, we do not think the SPCC regulations would result in better environmental protection. Section 195.307 API suggested we take the word ``pressure'' out of the title of proposed Sec. 195.307, ``Pressure testing breakout tanks.'' API said not all testing under the section is pressure testing. This comment probably arose because pressure testing is mentioned only in paragraph (e), while paragraphs (a)-(d) deal with pneumatic or hydrostatic testing. However, since pneumatic and hydrostatic testing are forms of pressure testing, we have kept the proposed title in the final rule. Section 195.405 We proposed, under Sec. 195.405(b), to reduce the hazards associated with maintenance of tank floating roofs by requiring operators to consider adding the safety practices of API Publication 2026 to their operation and maintenance manuals. AMOCO contended this proposal was unnecessary because it duplicates similar requirements in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's confined space regulation (29 CFR 1910.146). We considered this comment and decided to adopt the proposed rule as final. OSHA's regulation has general application to a variety of confined spaces, but API Publication 2026 deals specifically with entering and exiting floating roofs. Also, if AMOCO's assessment is correct, operators's existing procedures should already satisfy the guidelines in API Publication 2026. Moreover, as 29 CFR 1910.5(b) indicates, OSHA's confined space requirements do not apply to employee w","truncated":true,"body_characters":71167}