# BLEVE and Heat-Induced Tear

- **operation:** document
- **citation:** ERG 2024, BLEVE and Heat-Induced Tear
- **title:** BLEVE and Heat-Induced Tear
- **source type:** guidance
- **agency:** U.S. DOT / Transport Canada / SICT
- **status:** guidance
- **official:** true
- **published on:** 2024-04-04
- **effective on:** Not available
- **summary:** Official ERG2024 bleve and heat-induced tear guidance, pages 359-361.
- **machine formats:** - **json:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/phmsa-erg-2024-bleve.json
- **markdown:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/phmsa-erg-2024-bleve.md
- **app url:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/phmsa-erg-2024-bleve
- **source url:** https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/sites/phmsa.dot.gov/files/2024-04/ERG2024-Eng-Web-a.pdf#page=359
**body:**

BLEVE AND HEAT INDUCED TEAR
BLEVE (BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSION)
The following section presents important safety-related information on BLEVEs, including a
table, to consider in a situation involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG), UN1075.
LPGs include the following flammable gases:
•
UN1011 - Butane •
UN1077 - Propylene
•
UN1012 - Butylene •
UN1969 - Isobutane
•
UN1055 - Isobutylene •
UN1978 - Propane
A BLEVE occurs when a fire impinged or damaged tank car fails to contain its internal pressure
and explodes with a sudden product release. This catastrophic failure is more likely to occur
with damaged pressure tank cars, even in the absence of an active fire.
The main hazards from a LPG BLEVE are:
•
Fire: If the released substance is ignited, there is an immediate fireball.
•
Thermal radiation: At a distance of about 4 times the radius of a fireball, the heat
radiated from a fireball is enough to burn exposed skin in 2 seconds. Wearing protective
clothing limits the thermal radiation dose.
•
Blast: A concussive force caused by the sudden release of the pressurized substance.
For a BLEVE occurring out in the open, the blast strength at a distance of 4 times the
radius of a fireball can break window glass and may cause minor damage to buildings.
•
Projectiles: Tank failure can throw metal fragments over large distances. These
fragments can and have been deadly.
The danger decreases as you move away from the BLEVE centre. The furthest-reaching
hazard is projectiles.
For a video with information on critical safety issues concerning BLEVEs, please visit
https://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/tdg/publications-menu-1238.html.
HEAT INDUCED TEAR (HIT)
A heat induced tear (HIT) is a rupture of a NON-PRESSURE tank car containing flammable
liquids when exposed to the intense heat of a fire. The metal will soften and the pressure in
the tank car will increase which can lead to containment failure. The tear generally occurs
at the vapor space (upper side) of the container, venting large quantities of flammable liquid
and vapors at high speed. A fireball and an intense heat wave will occur.
Compared to BLEVEs, HITs rarely result in the projection of tank car fragments. Heat induced
tearing has occurred within 20 minutes of the derailment and as long as 10+ hours following
the initial fire.
Responding to these types of incidents (BLEVE and HIT) requires specialized training,
equipment and a tactical approach.
Page 357

BLEVE – SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Use with caution. The following table gives a summary of tank properties, critical times,
critical distances and cooling water flow rates for various tank sizes. This table is provided
to give responders some guidance but it should be used with caution.
Tank dimensions are approximate and can vary depending on the tank design and
application.
Minimum time to failure is based on severe torch fire impingement on the vapor space
of a tank in good condition, and is approximate. Tanks may fail earlier if they are damaged
or corroded. Tanks may fail minutes or hours later than these minimum times depending
on the conditions. It has been assumed here that the tanks are not equipped with thermal
barriers or water spray cooling.
Minimum time to empty is based on an engulfing fire with a properly sized pressure relief
valve. If the tank is only partially engulfed, then time to empty will increase (i.e., if tank is 50%
engulfed, then the tanks will take twice as long to empty). Once again, it has been assumed
that the tank is not equipped with a thermal barrier or water spray.
Tanks equipped with thermal barriers or water spray cooling significantly increase the
times to failure and the times to empty. A thermal barrier can reduce the heat input to a
tank by a factor of ten or more. This means it could take ten times as long to empty the tank
through the Pressure Relief Valve (PRV).
Fireball radius and emergency response distance is based on mathematical equations
and is approximate. They assume spherical fireballs and this is not always the case.
Two safety distances for public evacuation. The minimum distance is based on tanks
that are launched with a small elevation angle (i.e., a few degrees above horizontal). This is
most common for horizontal cylinders. The preferred evacuation distance has more margin
of safety since it assumes the tanks are launched at a 45 degree angle to the horizontal.
This might be more appropriate if a vertical cylinder is involved.
It is understood that these distances are very large and may not be practical in a highly
populated area. However, it should be understood that the risks increase rapidly the closer
you are to a BLEVE. Keep in mind that the furthest reaching projectiles tend to come off in
the zones 45 degrees on each side of the tank ends.
Water flow rate is based on 5 ( √capacity (USgal) ) = USgal/min needed to cool tank
metal.
Warning: the data given are approximate and should only be used with extreme caution.
For example, where times are given for tank failure or tank emptying through the pressure
relief valve – these times are typical but they can vary from situation to situation. Therefore,
never risk life based on these times.
Page 358

WARNING:
The data given are approximate and should only be used with extreme caution. These times can vary from situation to situation.
LPG tanks have been known to BLEVE within minutes. Therefore, never risk life based on these times.
Capacity Diameter Length Propane
Mass
BLEVE
(USE WITH CAUTION)
Minimum time
to failure for
severe
torch
Litres (Gallons) Meters (Feet) Meters (Feet) Kilograms (Pounds) Minutes Approximate
time to empty
for engulfing
fire
Minutes Fireball
radius
Emergency
response
distance
Minimum
evacuation
distance
Preferred
evacuation
distance
Cooling water
flow rate
Meters (Feet) Meters (Feet) Meters (Feet) Meters (Feet) Litres/min USgal/min
100 (26.4) 0.3 (1) 1.5 (4.9) 40 (88) 4 8 10 (33) 90 (295) 154 (505) 307 (1007) 97 26
400 (106) 0.61 (2) 1.5 (4.9) 160 (353) 4 12 16 (52) 90 (295) 244 (801) 488 (1601) 195 52
2000 (528) 0.96 (3.1) 3 (9.8) 800 (1764) 5 18 28 (92) 111 (364) 417 (1368) 834 (2736) 435 115
4000 (1057) 1 (3.3) 4.9 (16.1) 1600 (3527) 5 20 35 (115) 140 (459) 525 (1722) 1050 (3445) 615 163
8000 (2113) 1.25 (4.1) 6.5 (21.3) 3200 (7055) 6 22 44 (144) 176 (577) 661 (2169) 1323 (4341) 870 230
22000 (5812) 2.1 (6.9) 6.7 (22) 8800 (19401) 7 28 62 (203) 247 (810) 926 (3038) 1852 (6076) 1443 381
42000 (11095) 2.1 (6.9) 11.8 (38.7) 16800 (37038) 7 32 77 (253) 306 (1004) 1149 (3770) 2200 (7218) 1994 527
82000 (21662) 2.75 (9) 13.7 (45) 32800 (72312) 8 40 96 (315) 383 (1257) 1435 (4708) 2200 (7218) 2786 736
140000 (36984) 3.3 (10.8) 17.2 (56.4) 56000 (123459) 9 45 114 (374) 457 (1499) 1715 (5627) 2200 (7218) 3640 962
Page 359
- **truncated:** false
- **body characters:** 6765