# ERG2020 (English) - **operation:** document - **citation:** PHMSA Guidance, ERG2020 (English) - **title:** ERG2020 (English) - **source type:** guidance - **agency:** Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration - **status:** guidance - **official:** true - **published on:** 2016-09-01 - **effective on:** 2016-09-01 - **summary:** ERG2020 (English) Document ERG2020-WEB.pdf (3.27 MB) A guidebook intended for use by first responders during the initial phase of a transportation incident involving dangerous goods/hazardous materials. Issued Date: Thursday, September 1, 2016 - **machine formats:** - **json:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/phmsa-guidance-erg2020-english-550957e7.json - **markdown:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/phmsa-guidance-erg2020-english-550957e7.md - **app url:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/phmsa-guidance-erg2020-english-550957e7 - **source url:** https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/training/hazmat/erg/erg2020-english **body:** ERG2020 (English) Document ERG2020-WEB.pdf (3.27 MB) A guidebook intended for use by first responders during the initial phase of a transportation incident involving dangerous goods/hazardous materials. Issued Date: Thursday, September 1, 2016 <<>> A guidebook intended for use by first responders during the initial phase of a transportation incident involving hazardous materials/dangerous goods 2020 EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK <<>> SHIPPING PAPERS (DOCUMENTS) For the purpose of this guidebook, shipping documents and shipping papers are synonymous. Shipping papers provide vital information regarding the hazardous materials/dangerous goods to initiate protective actions. A consolidated version of the information found on shipping papers may be found as follows: • Road – kept in the cab of a motor vehicle • Rail – kept in possession of a crew member • Aviation – kept in possession of the pilot or aircraft employees • Marine – kept in a holder on the bridge of a vessel Information provided: • 4-digit identification number, UN or NA (go to yellow pages) • Proper shipping name (go to blue pages) • Hazard class or division number of material • Packing group • Emergency response telephone number • Information describing the hazards of the material (entered on or attached to the shipping paper)* EMERGENCY CONTACT 1-000-000-0000 EXAMPLE OF EMERGENCY CONTACT TELEPHONE NUMBER CONTRACT #: XX-XXXX-X ** HAZARD CLASS OR DIVISION NO. QUANTITY NO. & TYPE OF PACKAGES UN1219 ISOPROPANOL 12 000 LITERS 3 II 1 TANKTRUCK ID NUMBER SHIPPING NAME PACKING GROUP EXAMPLE OF PLACARD AND PANEL WITH ID NUMBER The 4-digit ID Number may be shown on the diamond-shaped placard or on an adjacent orange panel displayed on the ends and sides of a cargo tank, vehicle or rail car. A Numbered Placard OR A Placard and an Orange Panel * ** In the United States, this requirement may be satisfied by attaching a guide from the ERG2020 to the shipping paper, or by having the entire guidebook available for reference. In the United States, a registration or contract number may be required on a shipping paper. <<>> HOW TO USE THIS GUIDEBOOK HOW TO USE THIS GUIDEBOOK RESIST RUSHING IN! APPROACH INCIDENT FROM UPWIND, AND UPHILL AND/OR UPSTREAM STAY CLEAR OF ALL SPILLS, VAPORS, FUMES, SMOKE, AND POTENTIAL HAZARDS WARNING: DO NOT USE THIS FLOWCHART if more than one hazardous material/dangerous good is involved. Immediately call the appropriate emergency response agency telephone number listed on the inside back cover of this guidebook. YES Do you see an explosive placard or label? For Divisions 1 .1, 1 .2, 1 .3, or 1 .5 For Divisions 1 .4 or 1 .6 Use GUIDE 112 Use GUIDE 114 NO Do you know the UN/NA ID number? NO Do you know the name of the material? NO Do you see a placard or label? NO Do you see a railcar or road trailer? NO Use GUIDE 111 YES YES YES YES Search for the ID number in the Y ellow Pages Search for the material in the Blue Pages Refer to Pages 8-9 Refer to Pages 10-14 Determine the Guide Number If the Guide Number has a “P” next to it, the material may suffer a violent polymerization Is the material highlighted in green? NO Use the appropriate Orange Guide YES YES NO USE the appropriate Orange Guide for EVACUATION distances, THEN USE TABLE 1 for isolation and protective action distances, AND PROTECT in downwind direction according to T ABLE 1 for residual material release CONSULT the appropriate Orange Guide If product includes the reference (when spilled in water), consult T ABLE 2 for a list of the generated gases (for information purposes only), AND do not use water as extinguishing agent. BEFORE AN EMERGENCY - BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THIS GUIDEBOOK! First responders must be trained in the use of this guidebook. Page 1 <<>> LOCAL EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBERS Please populate this page with emergency telephone numbers for local assistance: HAZMAT CONTRACTORS RAIL COMPANIES FEDERAL/STATE/PROVINCIAL AGENCIES OTHERS Page 2 <<>> TABLE OF CONTENTS Shipping Papers (Documents). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside front cover How to Use this Guidebook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Local Emergency Telephone Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Safety Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Notification and Request for Technical Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Hazard Classification System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Introduction to the Table of Markings, Labels And Placards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table of Markings, Labels, and Placards and Initial Response Guide to Use On-scene. . 8 Rail Car Identification Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Road Trailer Identification Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS). . . . . . 16 Hazard Identification Numbers Displayed On Some Intermodal Containers. . . . . . . . . . . 18 Pipeline Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ID Number Index (yellow pages). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Name of Material Index (blue pages). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Guides (orange pages). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Introduction to Green Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Protective Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Protective Action Decision Factors to Consider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Background on Table 1 – Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances. . . . . . . . . . . 292 Table 1 – Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Table 2 – Water-Reactive Materials That Produce Toxic Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Table 3 – Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Large Spills for Different Quantities of Six Common TIH (PIH in the US) Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ERG2020 User’s Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protective Clothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Decontamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire and Spill Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLEVE and Heat Induced Tear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BLEVE – Safety Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criminal or Terrorist Use of Chemical, Biological and Radiological Agents. . . . . . . . . . Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Safe Stand-Off Distance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Publication Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canada and United States National Response Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-Hour Emergency Response Telephone Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 354 360 362 363 365 366 368 373 375 386 389 392 Page 3 <<>> SAFETY PRECAUTIONS RESIST RUSHING IN! APPROACH CAUTIOUSLY FROM UPWIND, UPHILL AND/OR UPSTREAM: • Stay clear of Vapor, Fumes, Smoke and Spills. • Keep vehicle at a safe distance from the scene. SECURE THE SCENE: • Isolate the area and protect yourself and others. IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS USING ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: • Placards • Container labels • Shipping papers • Rail Car and Road Trailer Identification Chart • Safety Data Sheets (SDS) • Knowledge of persons on scene • Consult applicable guide page ASSESS THE SITUATION: • Is there a fire, a spill or a leak? • What are the weather conditions? • What is the terrain like? • Who/what is at risk: people, property or the environment? • What actions should be taken – evacuation, shelter-in-place or dike? • What resources (human and equipment) are required? • What can be done immediately? OBTAIN HELP: • Advise your headquarters to notify responsible agencies and call for assistance from qualified personnel. RESPOND: • Enter only when wearing appropriate protective gear. • Rescue attempts and protecting property must be weighed against you becoming part of the problem. • Establish a command post and lines of communication. • Continually reassess the situation and modify response accordingly. • Consider safety of people in the immediate area first, including your own safety. ABOVE ALL: Do not assume that gases or vapors are harmless because of lack of a smell – odorless gases or vapors may be harmful. Use CAUTION when handling empty containers because they may still present hazards until they are cleaned and purged of all residues. Page 4 <<>> NOTIFICATION AND REQUEST FOR TECHNICAL INFORMATION Follow the steps outlined in your organization’s standard operating procedures and/or local emergency response plan for obtaining qualified assistance. Generally, the notification sequence and requests for technical information beyond what is available in this guidebook should occur in the following order: 1. NOTIFY YOUR ORGANIZATION/AGENCY: • Based on information provided, this will set in motion a series of events. Actions may range from dispatching additional trained personnel to the scene, to activating the local emergency response plan. • Ensure that local fire and police departments have been notified. 2. CALL THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE TELEPHONE NUMBER ON THE SHIPPING PAPER • If shipping paper is not available, use guidance under next section “NATIONAL ASSISTANCE”. 3. NATIONAL ASSISTANCE • Contact the appropriate emergency response agency listed on the inside back cover of this guidebook. • Provide as much information about the hazardous material/dangerous good and the nature of the incident. • The agency will provide immediate advice on handling the early stages of the incident. • The agency will also contact the shipper or manufacturer of the material for more detailed information if necessary. • The agency will request on-scene assistance when necessary. 4. PROVIDE AS MUCH OF THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE: • Your name, call-back telephone number, fax number • Location and nature of problem (spill, fire, etc.) • Name and identification number of material(s) involved • Shipper/consignee/point-of-origin • Carrier name, rail car or truck number • Container type and size • Quantity of material transported/released • Local conditions (weather, terrain) • Proximity to schools, hospitals, waterways, etc. • Injuries and exposures • Local emergency services that have been notified Page 5 <<>> HAZARD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The hazard class of hazardous materials/dangerous goods is indicated either by its class (or division) number or name. Placards are used to identify the class or division of a material. The hazard class or division number must be displayed in the lower corner of a placard and is required for both primary and subsidiary hazard classes and divisions, if applicable. For other than Class 7 placards, text indicating a hazard (for example, “CORROSIVE”) is not required. Text is shown only in the U.S. The hazard class or division number and subsidiary hazard classes or division numbers placed in parentheses (when applicable), must appear on the shipping paper after each proper shipping name. Class 1 - Explosives Division 1.1 Division 1.2 Division 1.3 Division 1.4 Division 1.5 Division 1.6 Explosives which have a mass explosion hazard Explosives which have a projection hazard but not a mass explosion hazard Explosives which have a fire hazard and either a minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both, but not a mass explosion hazard Explosives which present no significant hazard Very insensitive explosives with a mass explosion hazard Extremely insensitive articles which do not have a mass explosion hazard Class 2 - Gases Division 2.1 Flammable gases Division 2.2 Non-flammable, non-toxic* gases Division 2.3 Toxic* gases Class 3 - Class 4 - Flammable liquids (and Combustible liquids [U.S.]) Flammable solids; Substances liable to spontaneous combustion; Substances which, on contact with water, emit flammable gases Division 4.1 Flammable solids, self-reactive substances and solid desensitized explosives Division 4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion Division 4.3 Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases Class 5 - Oxidizing substances and Organic peroxides Division 5.1 Oxidizing substances Division 5.2 Organic peroxides Class 6 - Toxic* substances and Infectious substances Division 6.1 Toxic* substances Division 6.2 Infectious substances Class 7 - Radioactive materials Class 8 - Corrosive substances Class 9 - Miscellaneous hazardous materials/dangerous goods and articles * The words “poison” or “poisonous” are synonymous with the word “toxic”. Page 6 <<>> INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLE OF MARKINGS, LABELS AND PLACARDS USE THIS TABLE ONLY WHEN THE ID NUMBER OR PROPER SHIPPING NAME IS NOT AVAILABLE. The next two pages display the placards used on transport vehicles carrying hazardous materials/dangerous goods with the applicable reference GUIDE circled. Follow these steps: 1. Approach scene from upwind, uphill and/or upstream at a safe distance to safely identify and/or read the placard or orange panel. Use binoculars if available. 2. Match the vehicle placard(s) with one of the placards displayed on the next two pages. 3. Consult the circled guide number associated with the placard. Use that guide information for now. For example: • Use GUIDE 127 for a FLAMMABLE (Class 3) placard 4. 5. 6. 7. • Use GUIDE 153 for a CORROSIVE (Class 8) placard • Use GUIDE 111 when the DANGER or DANGEROUS placard is displayed or the nature of the spilled, leaking or burning material is not known. Also use this GUIDE when the presence of hazardous materials/dangerous goods is suspected but no placards can be seen. If multiple placards point to more than one guide, initially use the most conservative guide (i.e., the guide requiring the greatest degree of protective actions). Guides associated with the placards provide the most significant risk and/or hazard information. When specific information, such as ID number or proper shipping name, becomes available, the more specific Guide recommended for that material must be consulted. A single asterisk (*) on orange placards represents an explosive's compatibility group letter. The asterisk must be replaced with the appropriate compatibility group letter. Refer to the Glossary (page 375). Double asterisks (**) on orange placards represent the division of the explosive. The double asterisks must be replaced with the appropriate division number. Page 7 <<>> TABLE OF MARKINGS, LABELS, AND PLACARDS T ABLE OF MARKINGS, LABELS, AND PLACARDS USE THIS TABLE ONLY IF MATERIALS CANNOT BE SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFIED BY USE THIS T ABLE ONL Y IF MA TERIALS CANNOT BE SPECIFICALL Y IDENTIFIED BY 111 112 Air only All other modes For Divisions 1 .1, 1 .2, 1 .3 and 1 .5, enter division number (**) and compatibility group letter(*), when required. 114 118 For Divisions 1 .4 and 1 .6, enter compatibility group letter(*), when required. 123 120 122 127 128 125 Page 8 <<>> AND INITIAL RESPONSE GUIDE TO USE ON-SCENE AND INITIAL RESPONSE GUIDE TO USE ON-SCENE USING THE SHIPPING PAPER, NUMBERED PLACARD, OR ORANGE PANEL NUMBER USING THE SHIPPING PAPER, NUMBERED PLACARD, OR ORANGE PANEL NUMBER 134 136 139 143 148 153 158 163 153 171 138 147 Lithium metal batteries (UN3090, UN3091) Lithium ion batteries (UN3480, UN3481) Page 9 <<>> RAIL CAR IDENTIFICATION CHART CAUTION: Emergency response personnel must be aware that rail tank cars vary widely in construction, fittings and purpose. Tank cars could transport products that may be solids, liquids or gases. The products may be under pressure. It is essential that products be identified by consulting shipping papers or train consist or contacting dispatch centers before emergency response is initiated. The information stenciled on the sides or ends of tank cars, as illustrated below, may be used to identify the product utilizing: a . b . the commodity name shown; the other information shown, especially reporting marks and car number which, when supplied to a dispatch center, will facilitate the identification of the product. The recommended guides should be considered as last resort if the material cannot be identified by any other means. 117 Pressure tank car • • • • For flammable, non-flammable, toxic and/or liquefied compressed gases Protective housing No bottom fittings Pressures usually above 40 psi 131 Non-pressure / low pressure tank car• • • • • Known as general service tank car For variety of hazardous and non-hazardous materials Fittings and valves normally visible at the top of the tank Some may have bottom outlet valve Pressures usually below 25 psi Page 10 <<>> RAIL CAR IDENTIFICATION CHART 128  Non-pressure / low pressure tank car (TC117, DOT117) • • • • • For flammable liquids (e.g., Petroleum crude oil, ethanol) Protective housing separate from manway Bottom outlet valve Pressures usually below 25 psi 111 Box car • • • For general freight that carry bulk or non-bulk packages May transport hazardous materials/dangerous goods in small packages or "tote bins" Single or double sliding door 140 Hopper car • • For bulk commodities and bulk cargo (e.g., coal, ore, cement and solid granular materials) Bulk lading discharged by gravity through the hopper bottom doors when doors opened COMMON MARKINGS ON RAIL CARS: reporting marks and car number, load limit (pounds or kilograms), empty weight of car, placard, tank qualification and pressure relief device information, car specification, and commodity name. Page 11 <<>> ROAD TRAILER IDENTIFICATION CHART CAUTION: This chart depicts only the most general shapes of road trailers and cargo transport units. Emergency response personnel must be aware that there are many variations of road trailers, not illustrated below, that are used for shipping chemical products. Many intermodal tanks that transport liquids, solids, liquefied compressed gases, and refrigerated liquefied gases have similar silhouettes. The suggested guides are for the most hazardous products that may be transported in these trailer types. WARNING : Road trailers may be jacketed, the cross-section may look different than shown and external ring stiffeners would be invisible. NOTE: An emergency shut-off valve is commonly found at the front of the tank, near the driver door. The recommended guides should be considered as last resort if the material cannot be identified by any other means. MAWP: Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. 117 MC331, TC331, SCT331• • • For liquefied compressed gases (e.g., LPG, ammonia) Rounded heads Design pressure between 100-500 psi 117 MC338, TC338, SCT338, TC341, CGA341• • • • For refrigerated liquefied gases (cryogenic liquids) Similar to a "giant thermo-bottle" Fitting compartments located in a cabinet at the rear of the tank MAWP between 25-500 psi 131 DOT406, TC406, SCT306, MC306, TC306• • • • • For flammable liquids (e.g., gasoline, diesel) Elliptical cross-section Rollover protection at the top Bottom outlet valves MAWP between 3-15 psi Page 12 <<>> ROAD TRAILER IDENTIFICATION CHART 137 DOT407, TC407, SCT307, MC307, TC307• • • • For toxic, corrosive, and flammable liquids Circular cross-section May have external ring stiffeners MAWP of at least 25 psi 137 DOT412, TC412, SCT312, MC312, TC312• • • • • Usually for corrosive liquids Circular cross-section External ring stiffeners Tank diameter is relatively small MAWP of at least 15 psi 112 TC423• • • For emulsion and water-gel explosives Hopper-style configuration MAWP between 5-15 psi 117 Compressed Gas/Tube Trailer Page 13 <<>> ROAD TRAILER IDENTIFICATION CHART 134 Dry Bulk Cargo Trailer 137 Vacuum Tanker 111 Mixed Cargo 111 Intermodal Freight Container 117 Intermodal Tank Page 14 <<>> NOTES Page 15 <<>> GLOBALLY HARMONIZED SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION AND LABELING OF CHEMICALS (GHS) (May be found on means of containment during transport) The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) is an international guideline published by the United Nations. The GHS aims to harmonize the classification and labeling systems for all sectors involved in the life cycle of a chemical (production, storage, transport, workplace use, consumer use and presence in the environment). The GHS has nine symbols used to convey specific physical, health and environmental hazard information. These symbols are part of a pictogram that is diamond shaped and includes the GHS symbol in black on a white background with a red frame. The pictogram is part of the GHS label, which also includes the following information: • • • • • Signal word Hazard statement Precautionary statements Product identifier Supplier identification GHS pictograms are similar in shape to transport labels; however, transport labels have backgrounds of different colors. The elements of the GHS that address signal words and hazard statements are not expected to be adopted in the transport sector. For substances and mixtures covered by the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations, the transport labels for physical hazards will have precedence. In transport, a GHS pictogram for the same (or lesser) hazard as the one reflected by the transport label or placard should not be present, but it could exist on the package. Examples of GHS labeling: Outer Packaging: Box with flammable liquid transport label Inner Packaging: Plastic Single Packaging: 200 L bottle with GHS hazard warning label (55 US gallons) drum with a flammable liquid transport label combined with GHS hazard warning label Page 16 <<>> In some cases, such as on drums or international bulk containers (IBCs), which must address information for all sectors, the GHS label may be found in addition to the required transport labels and placards. Both types of labels (GHS and transport) will differ in a way that will make them easy to identify during an emergency. GHS Pictograms Physical hazards Pictograms GHS Health and Environmental hazards Explosive; Self-reactive; Organic peroxide Skin corrosion; Serious eye damage Flammable; Pyrophoric; Self-reactive; Organic peroxide; Self-heating; Emits flammable gases when in contact with water Acute toxicity (harmful); Skin sensitizer; Irritant (skin and eye); Narcotic effect; Respiratory tract irritant; Hazardous to ozone layer (environment) Oxidizer Respiratory sensitizer; Mutagen; Carcinogen; Reproductive toxicity; Target organ toxicity; Aspiration hazard Gas under pressure Hazardous to aquatic environment Corrosive to metals Acute toxicity (fatal or toxic) Page 17 <<>> HAZARD IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS DISPLAYED ON SOME INTERMODAL CONTAINERS Hazard identification numbers, utilized under European and some South American regulations, may be found in the top half of an orange panel on some intermodal bulk containers. The 4-digit ID number is in the bottom half of the orange panel. 33 1203 The hazard identification number in the top half of the orange panel consists of two or three digits. In general, the digits indicate the following hazards: 2 - Emission of gas due to pressure or chemical reaction 3 - Flammability of liquids (vapors) and gases or self-heating liquid 4 - Flammability of solids or self-heating solid 5 - Oxidizing (fire-intensifying) effect 6 - Toxicity or risk of infection 7 - Radioactivity 8 - Corrosivity 9 - Risk of spontaneous violent reaction NOTE: The risk of spontaneous violent reaction within the meaning of digit 9 includes the possibility, due to the nature of a substance, of a risk of explosion, disintegration and polymerization reaction followed by the release of considerable heat or flammable and/or toxic gases. • Doubling of a digit indicates an intensification of that particular hazard (i.e., 33, • • 66, 88). Where the hazard associated with a substance can be adequately indicated by a single digit, the digit is followed by a zero (i.e., 30, 40, 50). A hazard identification number prefixed by the letter “X” indicates that the substance will react dangerously with water (i.e., X88). Page 18 <<>> HAZARD IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS DISPLAYED ON SOME INTERMODAL CONTAINERS The hazard identification numbers listed below have the following meanings: 20 Asphyxiant gas or gas with no subsidiary hazard 22 Refrigerated liquefied gas, asphyxiant 223 Refrigerated liquefied gas, flammable 225 Refrigerated liquefied gas, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) 23 Flammable gas 238 Gas, flammable corrosive 239 Flammable gas which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 25 Oxidizing (fire-intensifying) gas 26 Toxic gas 263 Toxic gas, flammable 265 Toxic gas, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) 268 Toxic gas, corrosive 28 Gas, corrosive 30 Flammable liquid (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), or flammable liquid or solid in the molten state with a flash-point above 60°C, heated to a temperature equal to or above its flash point, or self-heating liquid 323 Flammable liquid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases X323 Flammable liquid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases 33 Highly flammable liquid (flash-point below 23°C) 333 Pyrophoric liquid X333 Pyrophoric liquid which reacts dangerously with water 336 Highly flammable liquid, toxic 338 Highly flammable liquid, corrosive X338 Highly flammable liquid, corrosive, which reacts dangerously with water 339 Highly flammable liquid which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 36 Flammable liquid (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), slightly toxic, or self-heating liquid, toxic 362 X362 Flammable liquid, toxic, which reacts with water, emitting flammable gas Flammable liquid, toxic, which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases 368 Flammable liquid, toxic, corrosive 38 Flammable liquid (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), slightly corrosive or self-heating liquid, corrosive 382 X382 Flammable liquid, corrosive, which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases Flammable liquid, corrosive, which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases 39 Flammable liquid, which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 40 Flammable solid, or self-reactive substance, or self-heating substance, or polymerizing substance Page 19 <<>> HAZARD IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS DISPLAYED ON SOME INTERMODAL CONTAINERS 423 Solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases, or flammable solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases, or self-heating solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases X423 Solid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases, or flammable solid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases, or self-heating solid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases 43 Spontaneously flammable (pyrophoric) solid X432 Spontaneously flammable (pyrophoric) solid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting flammable gases 44 446 46 462 X462 48 482 X482 Flammable solid, in the molten state at an elevated temperature Flammable solid, toxic, in the molten state at an elevated temperature Flammable or self-heating solid, toxic Toxic solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases Solid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting toxic gases Flammable or self-heating solid, corrosive Corrosive solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases Solid which reacts dangerously with water, emitting corrosive gases 50 Oxidizing (fire-intensifying) substance 539 Flammable organic peroxide 55 Strongly oxidizing (fire-intensifying) substance 556 Strongly oxidizing (fire-intensifying) substance, toxic 558 Strongly oxidizing (fire-intensifying) substance, corrosive 559 Strongly oxidizing (fire-intensifying) substance which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 56 Oxidizing substance (fire-intensifying), toxic 568 Oxidizing substance (fire-intensifying), toxic, corrosive 58 Oxidizing substance (fire-intensifying), corrosive 59 Oxidizing substance (fire-intensifying), which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 60 623 63 638 639 Toxic or slightly toxic substance 606 Infectious substance Toxic liquid, which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases Toxic substance, flammable (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive) Toxic substance, flammable, (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), corrosive Toxic substance, flammable, (flash-point not above 60°C) which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 64 Toxic solid, flammable or self-heating 642 Toxic solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases 65 Toxic substance, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) 66 Highly toxic substance Page 20 <<>> HAZARD IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS DISPLAYED ON SOME INTERMODAL CONTAINERS 663 664 665 X668 669 69 Highly toxic substance, flammable (flash-point not above 60°C) Highly toxic solid, flammable or self-heating Highly toxic substance, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) 668 Highly toxic substance, corrosive Highly toxic substance, corrosive, which reacts dangerously with water Highly toxic substance which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 68 Toxic substance, corrosive Toxic or slightly toxic substance which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 70 Radioactive material 768 Radioactive material, toxic, corrosive 78 Radioactive material, corrosive 80 X80 823 83 Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance which reacts dangerously with water Corrosive liquid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive) X83 Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), which reacts dangerously with water 839 Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction X839 Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, flammable (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive), which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction and which reacts dangerously with water 84 842 85 856 86 X88 883 884 885 X886 89 Corrosive solid, flammable or self-heating Corrosive solid which reacts with water, emitting flammable gases Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) and toxic Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance, toxic 88 Highly corrosive substance Highly corrosive substance which reacts dangerously with water Highly corrosive substance, flammable (flash-point between 23°C and 60°C, inclusive) Highly corrosive solid, flammable or self-heating Highly corrosive substance, oxidizing (fire-intensifying) 886 Highly corrosive substance, toxic Highly corrosive substance, toxic, which reacts dangerously with water Corrosive or slightly corrosive substance which can spontaneously lead to violent reaction 90 99 Environmentally hazardous substance; miscellaneous dangerous substances Miscellaneous dangerous substance carried at an elevated temperature Page 21 <<>> PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION In North America, hazardous materials/dangerous goods are commonly transported through millions of miles of pipelines and related structures. Products transported include natural gas, natural gas liquids, crude oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, anhydrous ammonia, carbon dioxide, jet fuel, and other commodities. Although most pipelines are buried, often there are aboveground structures and markers indicating the presence of pipelines. First responders should be aware of the pipelines in their jurisdictions, the products they transport, and the operators responsible for those pipelines. Proactive relationships can be beneficial in the safe and effective management of pipeline emergencies. Types of Pipelines Natural Gas Pipelines Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines Large-diameter, steel pipelines transport flammable natural gas (toxic and non-toxic) at very high pressures ranging from 200 to 1,500 psi*. Natural gas in transmission pipelines is odorless — generally not odorized with mercaptan (the “rotten egg” smell); however, natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) will have a distinct “rotten egg” odor. Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines Natural gas is delivered directly to customers via distribution pipelines. These pipelines are typically smaller-diameter, lower-pressure pipelines constructed of steel, plastic, or cast iron. Natural gas in distribution pipelines is odorized with mercaptan (the “rotten egg” smell). Natural Gas-Gathering and Natural Gas Well Production Pipelines Natural gas-gathering/well production pipelines collect “raw” natural gas from wellheads and transport the product to gas-processing and/or gas-treating plants. These gathering pipelines carry natural gas mixed with some quantity of natural gas liquids, water, and, in some areas, contaminants such as toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Natural gas in these pipelines is not odorized with mercaptan (the “rotten egg” smell); however, natural gas that contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S) will have a distinct “rotten egg” odor. Hazardous Liquid and Highly Volatile Liquid Pipelines Hazardous Liquid Pipelines Crude oil, refined petroleum products (e.g. gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel or diesel) and hazardous liquids (e.g. anhydrous ammonia or ethanol) are often transported by pipelines. Many liquid petroleum pipelines transport different types of liquid petroleum in the same pipeline. To do so, the pipeline operator sends different products in “batches.” For example, an operator could send gasoline for several hours, and then switch to jet fuels, before switching to diesel fuel. * Data from http://naturalgas.org/naturalgas/transport/ Page 22 <<>> Highly Volatile Liquid (HVL) Pipelines HVL pipelines transport hazardous liquids which will form a vapor cloud when released to the atmosphere and which have a vapor pressure exceeding 276 KPa (40 psia) at 37.8°C (100°F). An example of an HVL is liquid propane. Pipeline Markers Since pipelines are usually buried underground, pipeline markers are used to indicate their presence in an area along the pipeline route. Of the three types of pipelines typically buried underground — distribution, gathering, and transmission — only transmission pipelines are marked with the following above-ground markers used to indicate their route. Markers warn that a transmission pipeline is located in the area, identify the product transported in the line, and provide the name and telephone number of the pipeline operator to call. Markers and warning signs are located at frequent intervals along natural gas and liquid transmission pipeline rights-of-way, and are located at prominent points such as where pipelines intersect streets, highways, railways, or waterways. Pipeline markers only indicate the presence of a pipeline—they do not indicate the exact location of the pipeline. Pipeline locations within a right-of-way may vary along its length and there may be multiple pipelines located in the same right-of-way. NOTE: • • • Markers for pipelines transporting materials containing dangerous levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may have markers that say: “Sour” or “Poison. ” Natural gas distribution pipelines are not marked with above-ground signs. Gathering/production pipelines are often not marked with above-ground signs. Page 23 <<>> Pipeline Structures (Above Ground) Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines: Compressor stations, valves, metering stations. Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines: Regulator stations, customer meters and regulators, valve box covers. Natural Gas Gathering/Well Production Pipelines: Petroleum and Hazardous Liquids Pipelines: Compressor stations, valves, metering stations, wellheads, piping, manifolds. Storage tanks, valves, pump stations, loading racks. Indications of Pipeline Leaks and Ruptures Pipeline releases can range from relatively minor leaks to catastrophic ruptures. It is important to remember that gases and liquids behave differently once they are released from a pipeline. Generally, the following could be indications of a pipeline leak or rupture: • • • • • • Hissing, roaring, or explosive sound Flames appearing from the ground or water (perhaps very large flames) Vapor cloud/fog/mist Dirt/debris/water blowing out of the ground Liquids bubbling up from the ground or bubbling in water Distinctive, unusually strong odor of rotten eggs, mercaptan (an odorant in some natural gas pipelines), skunk, or petroleum • • • • Discolored/dead vegetation or discolored snow above a pipeline right-of-way Oil slick or sheen on flowing/standing water An area of frozen ground in the summer An unusual area of melted snow in the winter Page 24 <<>> • • • • • General Considerations for Responding to a Pipeline Emergency Safety First! Your safety and the safety of the community you protect is top priority. Remember to approach a pipeline incident from upwind, uphill, and upstream while using air monitoring equipment to detect for the presence of explosive and/or toxic levels of hazardous materials/dangerous goods. – Always wear proper personal protective equipment. Be prepared for a flash fire. Use shielding to protect first responders in the event of an explosion. Use respiratory protection. – Never op - **truncated:** true - **body characters:** 800471