# U.S. DOT/PHMSA - Final Environmental Assessment of the Longhorn Pipeline Reversal - Volume 1 of 2: Chapters 1-6 - **operation:** document - **citation:** 09000064811add8f - **title:** U.S. DOT/PHMSA - Final Environmental Assessment of the Longhorn Pipeline Reversal - Volume 1 of 2: Chapters 1-6 - **source type:** rulemaking - **agency:** Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration - **status:** current - **official:** true - **published on:** Not available - **effective on:** Not available - **summary:** FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL VOLUME 1: CHAPTERS 1 - 6 PHMSA-2012-0175 December 2012 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 5.3.3.5 Process Hazard Analysis ....................................................... 5-37 5.3.3.6 Preventive and Mitigative Measures Analysis ........................ 5-38 5.3.4 CONTROL SYSTEMS (SCADA)... - **machine formats:** - **json:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/regulations-gov-attachment-09000064811add8f.json - **markdown:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/regulations-gov-attachment-09000064811add8f.md - **app url:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/regulations-gov-attachment-09000064811add8f - **source url:** https://downloads.regulations.gov/PHMSA-2012-0175-0072/attachment_1.pdf **body:** <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL VOLUME 1: CHAPTERS 1 - 6 PHMSA-2012-0175 December 2012 <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS.......................................................... 1-1 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 ROLE OF FEDERAL AGENCIES ................................................................................... 1-2 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE FEA ..................................................................................... 1-3 2.0 PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT ................................ 2-1 2.1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................. 2-1 2.2 NEED ....................................................................................................................... 2-1 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT, CONNECTED ACTIONS, AND ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ............................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW ..................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 PROJECT DETAIL .......................................................................................... 3-2 3.2 CONNECTED ACTIONS .............................................................................................. 3-5 3.3 3.2.1 ORION EXPANSION ........................................................................................ 3-5 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 ODESSA TO CRANE ....................................................................................... 3-6 EL PASO GATEWAY ....................................................................................... 3-6 CRANE TO EL PASO ...................................................................................... 3-6 9TH STREET JUNCTION TO SPEED JUNCTION ................................................... 3-6 3.2.6 EAST HOUSTON TO HOLLAND AVENUE ........................................................... 3-6 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ................................................................................ 3-6 3.4 3.3.1 PROPOSED PROJECT .................................................................................... 3-6 3.3.2 CONNECTED ACTIONS ................................................................................... 3-8 ELIMINATION OF ALTERNATIVES FROM DETAILED CONSIDERATION ............................ 3-8 3.5 NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE ........................................................................................ 3-9 4.0 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 4-1 4.1 HUMAN RESOURCES AND LAND USES ....................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 REGIONAL SETTING ...................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1.1 4.1.1.2 4.1.1.3 Potentially Affected Communities ............................................ 4-2 Regional Land Uses ................................................................. 4-3 Regional Population Density .................................................... 4-4 4.1.1.3.1 Housing .............................................................. 4-4 4.1.1.3.2 Population .......................................................... 4-5 4.1.1.4 Transportation Networks .......................................................... 4-5 4.1.1.5 Parks and Natural Areas .......................................................... 4-5 4.1.2 OTHER RECEPTORS IN THE HOUSTON AND AUSTIN AREAS ............................. 4-6 4.1.2.1 Houston Area ........................................................................... 4-6 4.1.2.1.1 Special Use Areas ............................................. 4-6 4.1.2.2 Austin Area .............................................................................. 4-6 4.1.2.2.1 Special Use Areas ............................................. 4-7 I <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 4.2 PHYSICAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................. 4-7 4.2.1 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ........................................................................ 4-7 4.2.1.1 Aquifers Traversed by the Zone of Potential Impact and General Nature ........................................................................ 4-7 4.2.1.2 Relative Vulnerability of Aquifers within the Zone of Potential Impact ....................................................................... 4-8 4.2.1.2.1 Relative Aquifer Vulnerability Evaluation Methodologies .................................................... 4-8 4.2.1.2.2 Relative Aquifer Vulnerability Evaluation ......... 4-11 4.2.1.3 Potentially Vulnerable Public Water Supply (PWS) Water Wells ...................................................................................... 4-22 4.2.1.4 Identification of Sensitive Groundwater Resource Areas ....... 4-24 4.2.2 SURFACE WATER ........................................................................................ 4-26 4.2.2.1 Description of Surface Water Resources ............................... 4-26 4.2.2.1.1 Description of Significant Stream Crossings Along Route .................................... 4-27 4.2.2.1.2 Water Quality Downstream of Pipeline Crossings ......................................................... 4-29 4.2.2.1.3 Identification of Downstream Water Users ....... 4-30 4.2.2.2 Surface Water Resources, Including Vulnerable Areas ......... 4-34 4.2.2.2.1 Data Sources ................................................... 4-34 4.2.2.2.2 Identification of Surface Water Vulnerability to Spills ............................................................ 4-35 4.2.2.2.2.1 Spill Mobility ..................................................... 4-35 4.2.2.2.2.2 Ability to Contain and Remediate a Spill .......... 4-37 4.2.2.2.2.3 Relative Importance of Potentially Impacted Surface Waters ................................ 4-37 4.2.2.2.3 Summary Ranking of Stream Vulnerabilities ................................................... 4-38 4.2.2.3 Wetlands ................................................................................ 4-38 4.2.3 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS ................................................................................... 4-39 4.2.3.1 Earthquake/Seismic Hazards ................................................. 4-40 4.2.3.2 Landslide/Mass Movement Hazards ...................................... 4-40 4.2.3.3 Faulting/Subsidence Hazards ................................................ 4-40 4.2.3.4 Soil Stress Hazards ............................................................... 4-41 4.2.3.5 Scour at Stream Crossings .................................................... 4-41 4.2.4 CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY .......................................................................... 4-41 4.2.4.1 Climate ................................................................................... 4-41 4.2.4.2 Air Quality .............................................................................. 4-42 4.3 ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................... 4-44 4.3.1 TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES .......................................................................... 4-44 4.3.1.1 Terrestrial Fauna and Flora ................................................... 4-45 4.3.2 AQUATIC RESOURCES ................................................................................. 4-48 4.3.2.1 Aquatic Fauna and Flora ........................................................ 4-51 4.3.2.1.1 San Jacinto River Basin ................................... 4-52 II <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 4.3.2.1.2 4.3.2.1.3 Brazos River Basin .......................................... 4-53 Colorado River Basin ....................................... 4-53 4.3.3 THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES ................................................... 4-54 4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 Protected Terrestrial Species ................................................. 4-55 Federally Protected Species .................................................. 4-56 4.3.3.2.1 State Protected Species .................................. 4-57 4.4 CULTURAL RESOURCES ......................................................................................... 4-59 4.4.1 PIPELINES................................................................................................ 4-59 4.4.1.1 Proposed Project (East Houston to Crane) ............................ 4-59 4.4.2 PUMP STATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-64 4.4.2.1 Buckhorn Station .................................................................... 4-64 4.4.2.2 Industry Station ...................................................................... 4-64 4.4.2.3 Warda Station ........................................................................ 4-64 4.4.2.4 Bastrop Station ...................................................................... 4-65 4.4.2.5 Eckert Station ......................................................................... 4-65 4.4.2.6 James River Station ............................................................... 4-65 4.4.2.7 Cartman Station ..................................................................... 4-66 4.4.2.8 Barnhart Station ..................................................................... 4-66 4.4.2.9 Texon Station ......................................................................... 4-66 4.4.2.10 East Houston Terminal .......................................................... 4-66 4.5 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 4-67 5.0 PIPELINE INTEGRITY ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 5-1 5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 APPLICABLE REGULATIONS ........................................................................... 5-2 5.1.1.1 5.1.1.2 5.1.1.3 Pipeline Safety Regulations ..................................................... 5-3 Longhorn Mitigation Plan (LMP) .............................................. 5-3 National Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency Plan ..................................................................... 5-3 5.1.1.4 Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures Plan (SPCC) ..................................................................................... 5-4 5.1.1.5 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) .......................................................................... 5-4 5.1.1.6 Transportation Security Administration (TSA) Pipeline Security .................................................................................... 5-4 5.1.2 INFORMATION ANALYZED ............................................................................... 5-4 5.1.2.1 Key Documents ........................................................................ 5-5 5.1.2.2 Databases ................................................................................ 5-6 5.2 CONSTRUCTION/EXISTING SYSTEM ........................................................................... 5-6 5.2.1 GENERAL ATTRIBUTES .................................................................................. 5-6 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 EFFECTS OF AGE .......................................................................................... 5-7 MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS .......................................... 5-8 COUNTERING AGE EFFECTS .......................................................................... 5-9 MAINTENANCE REPAIRS AND REHABILITATION ............................................. 5-10 5.2.6 FACILITIES .................................................................................................. 5-11 III <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 5.2.6.1 Tanks ..................................................................................... 5-11 5.2.6.1.1 External or In-Service Inspections ................... 5-11 5.2.6.1.2 Internal or Out-of-Service Inspection ............... 5-11 5.2.6.2 Pump Stations ........................................................................ 5-11 5.2.6.3 Mainline Block Valves ............................................................ 5-12 5.3 NORMAL OPERATIONS ............................................................................................ 5-13 5.3.1 THREATS .................................................................................................... 5-14 5.3.1.1 Commodity Characteristics .................................................... 5-14 5.3.1.2 Internal Corrosion .................................................................. 5-14 5.3.1.3 Hydrogen Blistering ................................................................ 5-15 5.3.1.4 Surge and Hydraulic Profile ................................................... 5-16 5.3.1.5 Cracking/Fatigue Monitoring .................................................. 5-18 5.3.1.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) .......................................... 5-18 5.3.1.7 Incorrect Operations .............................................................. 5-19 5.3.1.8 Security .................................................................................. 5-19 5.3.1.9 Atmospheric Corrosion .......................................................... 5-19 5.3.1.10 External Corrosion ................................................................. 5-20 5.3.1.10.1 Pipe Coating. ................................................... 5-21 5.3.1.10.2 Cathodic Protection .......................................... 5-22 5.3.1.10.3 IR Drop (CP Voltage Measurement Criteria) ............................................................ 5-23 5.3.1.10.4 Casings ............................................................ 5-24 5.3.1.10.5 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) ................................................................ 5-25 5.3.1.10.6 AC Induced Corrosion. ..................................... 5-25 5.3.1.10.7 Stray Currents .................................................. 5-26 5.3.1.10.8 Selective Seam Corrosion ............................... 5-26 5.3.1.11 Third Party Damage ............................................................... 5-27 5.3.1.11.1 One Call ........................................................... 5-27 5.3.1.11.2 Public Education .............................................. 5-27 5.3.1.11.3 Excavator Education ........................................ 5-28 5.3.1.11.4 Depth of Cover and Exposed Pipe ................... 5-29 5.3.1.11.5 Pipeline Markers .............................................. 5-30 5.3.1.11.6 Pipeline Surveillance ........................................ 5-30 5.3.1.11.7 Encroachments and ROW Maintenance .......... 5-31 5.3.1.12 External Forces ...................................................................... 5-31 5.3.1.12.1 Flooding ........................................................... 5-32 5.3.1.12.2 Geohazards ..................................................... 5-32 5.3.1.12.3 Crossings ......................................................... 5-32 5.3.2 5.3.3 STAFFING AND TRAINING ............................................................................. 5-33 RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESSES .................................................................. 5-33 5.3.3.1 Operational Reliability Assessment (ORA) ............................ 5-34 5.3.3.2 Data Management ................................................................. 5-35 5.3.3.3 Pipeline Risk Assessment ...................................................... 5-36 5.3.3.4 Facility Risk Assessment ....................................................... 5-37 IV <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 5.3.3.5 Process Hazard Analysis ....................................................... 5-37 5.3.3.6 Preventive and Mitigative Measures Analysis ........................ 5-38 5.3.4 CONTROL SYSTEMS (SCADA) .................................................................... 5-38 5.3.4.1 Leak Detection ....................................................................... 5-39 5.3.4.2 Control Room Procedures ..................................................... 5-41 5.3.5 PIPELINE INSPECTION AND TESTING ............................................................ 5-41 5.3.5.1 Pressure Testing .................................................................... 5-42 5.3.5.2 In-Line Inspection (ILI) ........................................................... 5-43 5.3.5.2.1 ILI Findings ...................................................... 5-44 5.3.5.2.2 Follow-up Excavations ..................................... 5-46 5.3.5.3 Visual and NDE Inspections .................................................. 5-47 5.4 ACCIDENTAL RELEASES ......................................................................................... 5-47 5.4.1 LEAK ANALYSIS ........................................................................................... 5-47 5.4.1.1 Leak Causes .......................................................................... 5-47 5.4.1.2 Comparisons with Other Pipeline Leak Data ......................... 5-48 5.4.2 SPILL AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN .................................................... 5-48 5.4.2.1 Compliance with Regulations ................................................. 5-48 5.4.2.2 Sensitive Areas Response ..................................................... 5-50 5.4.2.3 Recent Emergency Response Experience ............................ 5-52 5.4.2.4 Trench Integrity Assessment – Edwards Aquifer Recharge Zone ...................................................................... 5-52 5.4.3 CONSEQUENCE POTENTIAL (COF) ............................................................... 5-53 5.5 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 5-54 5.6 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 5-54 6.0 PIPELINE RISK ASSESSMENT .......................................................................... 6-1 6.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 THREATS .................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2.1.1 Internal Corrosion .................................................................... 6-2 6.2.1.2 Hydrogen Blistering .................................................................. 6-5 6.2.1.3 Surge and Hydraulic Profile ..................................................... 6-6 6.2.1.4 Cracking/ Fatigue Monitoring ................................................... 6-7 6.2.1.5 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) ............................................ 6-8 6.2.1.6 Incorrect Operations ................................................................ 6-8 6.2.1.7 Security .................................................................................... 6-9 6.2.1.8 Atmospheric Corrosion .......................................................... 6-10 6.2.1.9 External Corrosion ................................................................. 6-10 6.2.1.9.1 Pipe Coatings ................................................... 6-11 6.2.1.9.2 Cathodic Protection and CP Verifications ........ 6-11 6.2.1.9.3 IR Drop (CP Voltage Measurement Criteria) ............................................................ 6-12 6.2.1.9.4 Casings ............................................................ 6-13 6.2.1.9.5 Microbiological Influenced Corrosion (MIC) ..... 6-13 6.2.1.9.6 AC Induced Corrosion ...................................... 6-14 6.2.1.9.7 Stray Currents .................................................. 6-14 V <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 6.2.1.9.8 Selective Seam Corrosion (SSC) ..................... 6-15 6.2.1.10 Third Party Damage ............................................................... 6-15 6.2.1.10.1 One Call ........................................................... 6-16 6.2.1.10.2 Public Education .............................................. 6-16 6.2.1.10.3 Excavator Education ........................................ 6-17 6.2.1.10.4 Depth of Cover and Exposed Pipe ................... 6-18 6.2.1.10.5 Pipeline Markers .............................................. 6-18 6.2.1.10.6 Pipeline Surveillance ........................................ 6-19 6.2.1.10.7 Encroachments and ROW Maintenance .......... 6-19 6.2.1.11 External Forces ...................................................................... 6-20 6.2.1.11.1 Flooding ........................................................... 6-20 6.2.1.11.2 Geohazards ..................................................... 6-21 6.2.1.11.3 Crossings ......................................................... 6-21 6.2.2 6.2.3 STAFFING AND TRAINING ............................................................................. 6-21 RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESSES .................................................................. 6-21 6.2.3.1 ORA ....................................................................................... 6-21 6.2.3.2 Data Management ................................................................. 6-22 6.2.3.3 Pipeline Risk Assessment ...................................................... 6-22 6.2.3.4 Facility Risk Assessment ....................................................... 6-22 6.2.3.5 PHA/LOPA ............................................................................. 6-23 6.2.4 CONTROL SYSTEMS (SCADA) .................................................................... 6-23 6.2.4.1 Leak Detection ....................................................................... 6-23 6.2.4.2 Control Room Procedures ..................................................... 6-24 6.2.5 PIPELINE INSPECTION AND TESTING ............................................................ 6-24 6.2.5.1 Pressure Testing .................................................................... 6-24 6.2.5.2 In-Line Inspections (ILI) ......................................................... 6-25 6.2.6 SPILL AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANS .................................................. 6-25 6.2.7 WORST CASE SPILL VOLUME ...................................................................... 6-25 6.3 CONSEQUENCE POTENTIAL (COF) .......................................................................... 6-26 6.4 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 6-27 6.5 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 6-27 VI <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL TABLES Table 4.1.1-1 Apartment Facilities within the Zone of Potential Impact of Proposed Project Table 4.1.1-2 Population within the Zone of Potential Impact of Proposed Project by MP Segment Table 4.1.2-1 Vulnerable Receptors within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project in the Houston Area Table 4.1.2-2 Vulnerable Receptors within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project in the Austin Area Table 4.2.1-1 Table 4.2.1-2 Aquifers Within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project TCEQ Aquifer Average DRASTIC Index and Vulnerability Ranking of Aquifers within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project Table 4.2.1-3 Pettyjohn et. al. Aquifer Classification and Vulnerability of Aquifers Within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project Table 4.2.1-4 Table 4.2.1-5 Table 4.2.2-1 Groundwater Resource Area Sensitivity Ranking Public Water Supply Wells Within the Zone of Potential Impact Summary of Chemical Analyses on Surface Water Samples from STORET Stations Within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project Table 4.2.2-2 Summary of 2008 Texas 303(d) Stream Segments Within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project Table 4.2.2-3 Distances from Stream Crossings to Downstream Water Rights Within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project Table 4.2.2-4 Table 4.2.2-5 Table 4.2.2-6 Ranking of Stream Crossings in Terms of Spill Transport Potential Ranking of Stream Crossings in Terms of Spill Control Potential Ranking of Stream Crossings in Terms of Downstream Resource Importance as a Water Supply Table 4.2.2-7 Table 4.2.2-8 Summary of Vulnerability Rankings, Surface Water Crossings Wetlands Inventory for Proposed Project from East Houston/9th Street Junction to Crane Table 4.3.1-1 Threatened and Endangered Species of Possible Occurrence Within the Zone of Potential Impact of the Proposed Project1 Table 5.1.1-1 Compliance Audit Findings Table 5.2.1-1a Pipe Characteristics Table 5.2.1-1b Pipe Characteristics Detail by Manufacturer Table 5.2.1-1c Pipe Characteristics Detail by Coating Type Table 5.2.1-2 Overview of Pipeline Construction Specifications Table 5.2.6-1 Valve Locations and Types for the Longhorn Pipeline Table 5.2.6-2 Locations of Check Valves Installed per LCRA Settlement and Valve Studies Table 5.2.6-3 Estimated Maximum Release Volumes Table 5.3.1-1 ILI Tool Runs Table 5.3.1-2 ILI Features Summary Table 5.3.1-3 Pressure-Cycle-Induced Fatigue Cracking Analysis from the 2010 ORA for the Current Westward Product Flow Direction VII <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL Table 5.3.1-4 Table 5.3.4-1 Table 5.3.4-1a Table 5.3.5-1 Table 5.3.5-2 Table 5.3.5-3 Table 5.3.5-4 Table 5.4.1-1 Table 5.4.1-2 Table 5.4.1-3 Table 5.4.1-4 Table 5.4.1-5 Table 5.4.1-6 Test Point Exceptions for 2011 Alarm and Shutdown Devices Leak Detection System Alarm and Response Table Basic Inspection and Test Methods Summary of Hydrostatic Tests Summary of Hydrostatic Tests (2005 to 2011) Summary of ILI Repair Criteria Pipeline and Facility Spill Data Since 2002 Summary of Cause of Release for Facilities Summary of Cause of Release for Pipeline (Not Facilities) Texas Reportable Incidents and Frequencies US Reportable Incidents and Frequencies Longhorn Reportable Incident Frequencies VIII <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL FIGURES Figure 3.1-1 Project Location of Longhorn Pipeline Figure 3.2-1a Project Location of Connected Actions Figure 3.2-1b Project Location of Connected Actions Figure 4.1.2-1a Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1b Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1c Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1d Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1e Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1f Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1g Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1h Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-1i Houston Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2a Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2b Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2c Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2d Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2e Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2f Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.1.2-2g Austin Area Land Use and Housing Density Figure 4.2.1-1 Major Aquifers Figure 4.2.1-2 Minor Aquifers Figure 4.2.1-3a Public Water Supply Wells within Zone of Impact Figure 4.2.1-3b Public Water Supply Wells within Zone of Impact Figure 4.2.1-3c Public Water Supply Wells within Zone of Impact Figure 4.2.1-3d Public Water Supply Wells within Zone of Impact Figure 4.2.2-1 Hydrography with Surface Water Rights per TCEQ Database Figure 4.2.2-2 Hydrography with STORET Stations Figure 4.2.2-3 Houston Area TMDLs Figure 4.2.2-4 Satsuma Area TMDLs Figure 4.2.2-5 Austin Area TMDLs Figure 4.2.2-6 Pedernales Falls State Park API Figure 4.2.2-7 Pipeline Crossings within Pedernales State Park API Figure 4.2.2-8 Surface Water Vulnerability Methodology Flow Chart Figure 4.3.1-1 ECO Regions IX <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL APPENDICES Appendix 3 SIP Overview Appendix 4A Highway and Railroad Crossings Appendix 4B Biological Assessment Appendix 4C Programmatic Agreement Appendix 4D SHPO Concurrence Letter Appendix 5A Referenced Procedures of the 2012 Magellan SIP Appendix 5B Valve Schematic Appendix 5C Trench Integrity and Construction Methodology of the Magellan Longhorn Pipeline from Mile Post 169.88 to 188.8 Appendix 5D Trench Integrity Inspection Report of the Magellan Longhorn Pipeline from Mile Post 169.88 to 173.38 Appendix 6A Risk Assessment Methodology Appendix 6B Crude Oil Specifications Appendix 6C EnhanceCo. Report Appendix 6D Drag Reducing Agent Material Safety Data Sheet Appendix 6E Referenced Procedures of the 2012 Magellan SIP Appendix 6F Surge Analysis Summary Appendix 6G Risk Implication Matrix Appendix 6H Spartan Engineering Report X <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL ACRONYMS µm Micrometers AAQS Ambient Air Quality Standards ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation AHPA archeological high probability area APE area of potential effect API Area of Primary Influence BA Biological Assessment BEG Bureau of Economic Geology BFZ Balcones Fault Zone BG Block Group bgl below ground level BLM Bureau of Land Management BMP best management practices BO Biological Opinion bpd barrels per day BSEACD Barton Springs/Edwards Aquifer Conservation District CDC Center for Disease Control CDP census designated place CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide COA City of Austin CoF Consequence of Potential CP Cathodic Protection CPM Computational Pipeline Monitoring CT census tract DEM Digital Elevation Model DOC depth of cover DOI Department of Interior DOT US Department of Transportation DRASTIC EPA Methodology Standardized System used for evaluating groundwater EA Environmental Assessment EFRD emergency flow reduction devices EGP Electronic geometry pig EIS Environmental Impact Statement EJ Environmental Justice EO Executive Order EPA US Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act ESL Effects Screening Level XXX <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL FBE fusion bonded epoxy FEA Final Environmental Assessment FM Farm-to-Market FR Federal Register FRP Facility Response Plan ft2/d feet squared per day USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service GAM Groundwater Availability Modeling GHG greenhouse gas GIS Geographic Information System GLO General Land Office gpm gallons per minute GW groundwater H2S hydrogen sulfide HAP hazardous air pollutant HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response HC Hill Country HCA High Consequence Area HCFCD Harris County Flood Control District HHS Department of Health and Human Services HIC hydrogen induced cracking IH Interstate Highway ILI in-line inspection IMP Integrated Management Plan IP implementation plan LAER lowest achievable emission rate LCRA Lower Colorado River Authority LDAR leak detection and repair LMC Longhorn Mitigation Commitment LMP Longhorn Mitigation Plan LOPA layer of protection analysis LST Localized Significance Thresholds MASP maximum allowable surge pressure MCL maximum contaminant level mg/l milligrams per liter MIC microbiological influenced corrosion MOCR Management of Change Request MP milepost MS4 municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) MSL mean sea level MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether MUD Municipality Utility District NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers XXXI <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL NAIP National Agricultural Inventory Program NDE non-destructive examination NEIC National Enforcement Investigations Center NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFPA National Fire Protection Agency NHD National Hydrography Dataset NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NLCD National Land Cover Database NNSR nonattainment new source review NO2 nitrogen dioxide NOx oxides of nitrogen NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPMS National Pipeline Mapping System NPS National Park Service NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NRHP National Register of Historic Places NWI National Wetland Inventory O3 ozone OPS Office of Pipeline Safety ORA Operational Reliability Assessment OSHA Occupational Health and Safety Administration PA Programmatic Agreement Pb lead PGA peak ground acceleration PHA Process Hazard Analysis PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration PLDS pipeline leak detection system POE probability of exceedance PoF probability of failure PM particulate matter PM10 particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers (um) or less PM2.5 particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers (um) or less ppb parts per billion PWS Public Water System QRA quantitative risk assessment REMM Riparian Emergency Management Model ROW right-of-way RRC Texas Railroad Commission RSPA Research and Special Programs Administration SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District SCC stress corrosion cracking SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer XXXII <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL SIP System Integrity Plan SO2 sulfur dioxide SO4 Sulfates SPCC spill prevention, control, and countermeasure SSESR Site Specific Environmental Study Report STORET EPA database SWSA Source Water Susceptibility Assessment T&E threatened and endangered TAS Turpin & Sons, Inc. TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality TDS total dissolved solids TEA Texas Education Agency THC Texas Historical Commission THPO Tribal Historic Preservation Officer TMDL Total Maximum Daily Load TNRIS Texas Natural Resources Information System TPDES Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department TWDB Texas Water Development Board TxDOT Texas Department of Transportation TXNDD Texas Natural Diversity Database USACE United States Army Corp of Engineers USC United States Code USGS United States Geologic Survey UT University of Texas UTPB University of Texas Permian Basin VOC volatile organic compounds WCID Water Control and Improvement District WPP watershed protection plans WSD water supply district XXXIII <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS The Pipeline and Hazardous Safety Administration (PHMSA) has prepared this final environmental assessment (FEA) in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (42 USC §§ 4321–4347) and the Council on Environmental Quality’s (CEQ) NEPA Implementing Regulations (40 CFR Parts 1500–1508). NEPA provides a framework to evaluate a proposed project or “Federal action” and the potential of that action to have significant effects the human environment. The NEPA process helps the decision maker and the public understand and evaluate the potential environmental impacts of a proposed action prior to an agency’s final decision on the proposal. Another goal of NEPA is to facilitate public involvement. Therefore, PHMSA prepared a draft FEA and sought comments from interested members of the public. This FEA reflects changes in responses to these comments. Additionally, a list of the comment’s and PHMSA’s responses are posted in the docket at regulations.gov, docket “PHMSA-2012-0175.” 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The existing Longhorn Pipeline runs from El Paso, Texas to Houston, Texas and is owned and operated by Magellan Pipeline Company, L.P (Magellan). The Longhorn Pipeline currently transports refined petroleum products east to west, from Houston to El Paso. The proposed project would convert a segment of the Longhorn Pipeline from Crane, Texas to East Houston, Texas to crude oil service and reverse the flow, so that crude oil would flow west to east, from Crane to Houston. Longhorn would continue to transport refined products east to west, from Crane to El Paso, by connecting to the existing Orion West Pipeline that is located to the north of the Longhorn Pipeline and runs from Frost, Texas to El Paso, Texas. In the proposed project, refined products would flow from the Orion West Pipeline to the Longhorn Pipeline via an existing pipeline segment from Odessa, Texas to Crane, Texas. The refined products would then enter the Longhorn Pipeline at Crane and flow west to El Paso. The Longhorn Pipeline System’s current operations are subject to the Longhorn Mitigation Plan (LMP). A summary of the Longhorn Mitigation Commitments is provided in Appendix 9A of this document. The LMP was developed following litigation regarding a reversal that took place in 2005. At that time, the Longhorn Pipeline transported crude oil west to east, and the proposed action was to reverse the flow to transport refined petroleum. As part of the LMP, the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA)1 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region 6 agreed to conduct an “Enhanced EA”, (1999 EA) for that project. RSPA and EPA Region 6 issued a joint finding of no significant impact (FONSI) on November 3, 2000. The 1 At the time of the litigation, PHMSA was the Research and Special Programs Administration. 1-1 <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 1999 EA and the FONSI documents are available of the EPA Region 6 website at http://www.epa.gov/region6/6en/xp/longhorn.htm. Although PHMSA does not normally serve as a lead agency for pipeline construction projects because it has no authority over pipeline siting, the LMP includes a provision for NEPA adherence for some future construction activities. Therefore, PHMSA has prepared this FEA for the proposed changes to the pipeline. Although this EA is independent of the 1999 EA, PHMSA incorporates applicable sections within the 1999 EA by reference to avoid repetitive discussions and focus on pertinent issues for discussion (40 CFR 1502.21). Like the 1999 EA, an environmental contractor helped prepare this FEA by assisting with the technical analyses and preparing drafts of the FEA. PHMSA approved the hiring of Zephyr Environmental Corporation (hereinafter, Contractor), which is based in Austin, Texas, to prepare drafts of this FEA. Magellan funded the technical analyses performed by the Contractor. This arrangement puts the cost burden on the project proponent while ensuring that the study direction and decision-making is solely in the control of the Federal Government. 1.3 ROLE OF FEDERAL AGENCIES PHMSA is responsible for regulating the transportation of hazardous liquids via pipeline pursuant to the Pipeline Safety Laws, 49 USC § 60101 et seq. PHMSA has promulgated and enforces the Pipeline S - **truncated:** true - **body characters:** 2841901