# U.S. DOT/PHMSA - Final Environmental Assessment of the Longhorn Pipeline Reversal - Volume 2 of 2: Chapters 7-11 - **operation:** document - **citation:** 09000064811add91 - **title:** U.S. DOT/PHMSA - Final Environmental Assessment of the Longhorn Pipeline Reversal - Volume 2 of 2: Chapters 7-11 - **source type:** rulemaking - **agency:** Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration - **status:** current - **official:** true - **published on:** Not available - **effective on:** Not available - **summary:** FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL VOLUME 2: CHAPTERS 7 - 11 PHMSA-2012-0175 December 2012 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 9.3.2.3 Hydrogen Blistering of Laminations ....................................... 9-22 9.3.2.4 Surge and Hydraulic Profile ................................................... 9-22 9.3.2.5 Cracking/Fatigue Monitoring... - **machine formats:** - **json:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/regulations-gov-attachment-09000064811add91.json - **markdown:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/regulations-gov-attachment-09000064811add91.md - **app url:** https://regulus.evalyn.ai/document/regulations-gov-attachment-09000064811add91 - **source url:** https://downloads.regulations.gov/PHMSA-2012-0175-0073/attachment_1.pdf **body:** <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL VOLUME 2: CHAPTERS 7 - 11 PHMSA-2012-0175 December 2012 <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL CONTENTS 7.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 7-1 7.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.1 IMPACTS CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................. 7-1 7.1.2 EVENT TYPES ............................................................................................... 7-1 7.1.3 EVALUATING IMPACTS .................................................................................. 7-1 7.1.3.1 Gasoline versus Crude Oil ....................................................... 7-2 7.1.3.2 Ignition ..................................................................................... 7-3 7.1.3.3 Leaks versus Ruptures ............................................................ 7-3 7.1.3.3.1 Leaks ................................................................. 7-3 7.2 7.3 7.1.3.3.2 Ruptures ............................................................ 7-4 HUMAN HEALTH AND SAFETY ................................................................................... 7-4 7.2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 7-4 7.2.2 IMPACTS ....................................................................................................... 7-4 7.2.2.1 Construction ............................................................................. 7-4 7.2.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................... 7-5 7.2.2.3 Accidental Releases ................................................................ 7-5 7.2.2.3.1 Leaks ................................................................. 7-7 7.2.2.3.2 Ruptures ............................................................ 7-7 7.2.3 SENSITIVE RECEPTORS ................................................................................. 7-7 7.2.4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 7-8 IMPACTS TO GROUNDWATER .................................................................................... 7-8 7.3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 7-8 7.3.2 IMPACTS ....................................................................................................... 7-9 7.3.2.1 Construction ............................................................................. 7-9 7.3.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................... 7-9 7.3.2.3 Accidental Releases ................................................................ 7-9 7.3.2.3.1 Leaks ................................................................. 7-9 7.3.2.3.2 Ruptures .......................................................... 7-10 7.3.3 SENSITIVE AREAS/RECEPTORS ................................................................... 7-11 7.3.3.1 Karst Aquifers (including Edwards, Trinity-Hill Country, and Edwards-Trinity) .............................................................. 7-12 7.3.3.2 Fractured Rock Aquifers ........................................................ 7-13 7.3.3.3 Porous Media Aquifers ........................................................... 7-13 7.3.4 SENSITIVE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ..................................................... 7-15 7.3.4.1 Drinking Water ....................................................................... 7-16 7.3.4.2 Recreational Uses .................................................................. 7-16 7.3.4.3 Aquifer Aquatic Habitat Uses ................................................. 7-17 7.3.5 AGRICULTURAL USES ................................................................................. 7-17 7.3.6 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-18 7.4 AQUATIC BIOLOGY ................................................................................................. 7-18 7.4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-18 7.4.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-18 7.4.2.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-18 I <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 7.4.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-19 7.4.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-19 7.4.2.3.1 Leaks ............................................................... 7-19 7.4.2.3.2 Ruptures .......................................................... 7-20 7.4.3 AQUATIC THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES .................................... 7-21 7.4.4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-25 7.5 TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY .......................................................................................... 7-25 7.6 7.5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-25 7.5.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-25 7.5.2.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-25 7.5.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-27 7.5.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-27 7.5.2.3.1 Leaks ............................................................... 7-27 7.5.2.3.2 Ruptures .......................................................... 7-28 7.5.3 TERRESTRIAL THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES ............................ 7-29 7.5.3.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-29 7.5.3.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-31 7.5.3.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-31 7.5.3.3.1 Leaks ............................................................... 7-31 7.5.3.3.2 Ruptures .......................................................... 7-32 7.5.4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-33 IMPACTS TO SURFACE WATER ................................................................................ 7-33 7.6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-33 7.6.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-33 7.6.2.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-33 7.6.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-34 7.6.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-34 7.6.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER BASIN .................... 7-36 7.6.3.1 Rivers and Streams ............................................................... 7-36 7.6.3.2 Lakes ..................................................................................... 7-39 7.6.3.2.1 Lake Travis and Pedernales Watershed Studies ............................................................. 7-39 7.6.3.2.2 7.6.3.2.3 Sandy Creek/Llano River and Lake LBJ .......... 7-40 Barton Creek Watershed and Lady Bird Lake ................................................................. 7-40 7.7 7.6.4 RANKING OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO SENSITIVE AREAS .............................. 7-41 7.6.4.1 Drinking Water Impacts .......................................................... 7-42 7.6.4.2 Agricultural Impacts ............................................................... 7-42 7.6.4.3 Recreational Impacts ............................................................. 7-43 7.6.4.4 Impacts to Wetlands .............................................................. 7-43 7.6.4.4.1 Construction ..................................................... 7-43 7.6.5 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-44 IMPACTS TO AIR QUALITY AND METEOROLOGY ....................................................... 7-45 7.6.4.4.2 Normal Operations ........................................... 7-44 7.6.4.4.3 Accidental Releases ........................................ 7-44 II <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-45 7.7.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-46 7.7.2.1 Construction Emissions ......................................................... 7-46 7.7.2.2 Operational Emissions ........................................................... 7-47 7.7.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-48 7.7.2.4 Noise ...................................................................................... 7-48 7.7.2.5 Impacts to Houston-Galveston-Brazoria Ozone Nonattainment Area Air Quality ............................................. 7-49 7.7.3 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-51 IMPACTS TO TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................... 7-51 7.8.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-51 7.8.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-51 7.8.2.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-51 7.8.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-52 7.8.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-52 7.8.3 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-52 IMPACTS TO LAND USE ........................................................................................... 7-53 7.9.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-53 7.9.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-53 7.9.2.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-53 7.9.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-54 7.9.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-54 7.9.3 SENSITIVE AREAS/RECEPTORS ................................................................... 7-54 7.9.3.1 Parks and Natural Areas ........................................................ 7-54 7.9.3.2 Urban Areas ........................................................................... 7-54 7.9.4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-55 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ....................................... 7-55 7.10.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 7-55 7.10.2 IMPACTS ..................................................................................................... 7-56 7.10.2.1 Construction ........................................................................... 7-56 7.10.2.2 Normal Operations ................................................................. 7-57 7.10.2.3 Accidental Releases .............................................................. 7-57 7.10.3 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................................ 7-58 7.10.4 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 7-58 7.11 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 7-58 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE .............................................................................. 8-1 8.1 PURPOSE OF EJ ANALYSIS ....................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 EVALUATION APPROACH .......................................................................................... 8-1 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 IDENTIFY POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .......................... 8-2 IDENTIFY POTENTIAL MINORITY AND LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS ................... 8-2 DISPROPORTIONATE IMPACTS ANALYSIS ........................................................ 8-3 8.3 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 8-6 9.0 PROPOSED PROJECT MITIGATIONS ............................................................... 9-1 III <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 9.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 9-1 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION ................................................................................... 9-3 9.2.1 CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................ 9-3 9.2.1.1 Health and Human Safety ........................................................ 9-3 9.2.1.2 Groundwater ............................................................................ 9-3 9.2.1.3 Aquatic Biology ........................................................................ 9-4 9.2.1.4 Terrestrial Biology .................................................................... 9-4 9.2.1.5 Surface Water .......................................................................... 9-5 9.2.1.5.1 Wetlands ............................................................ 9-5 9.2.1.6 Air Quality and Meteorology ..................................................... 9-5 9.2.1.7 Transportation .......................................................................... 9-6 9.2.1.8 Land Use .................................................................................. 9-6 9.2.1.9 Archaeological and Paleontological Resources ....................... 9-7 9.2.1.10 Required Permits ..................................................................... 9-7 9.2.1.10.1 LMP Changes .................................................... 9-8 9.2.2 NORMAL OPERATIONS .................................................................................. 9-8 9.2.2.1 Health and Human Safety ........................................................ 9-8 9.2.2.2 Groundwater ............................................................................ 9-8 9.2.2.3 Aquatic Biology ........................................................................ 9-8 9.2.2.4 Terrestrial Biology .................................................................... 9-9 9.2.2.5 Surface Water .......................................................................... 9-9 9.2.2.5.1 Wetlands ............................................................ 9-9 9.2.2.6 Air Quality and Meteorology ................................................... 9-10 9.2.2.7 Transportation ........................................................................ 9-10 9.2.2.8 Land Use ................................................................................ 9-10 9.2.2.9 Archaeological and Paleontological Resources ..................... 9-10 9.2.3 ACCIDENTAL RELEASES .............................................................................. 9-11 9.2.3.1 Health and Human Safety ...................................................... 9-11 9.2.3.1.1 Potential for Explosion and Fire ....................... 9-11 9.2.3.1.2 Potential for Chemical Exposure ...................... 9-11 9.2.3.2 Groundwater .......................................................................... 9-13 9.2.3.3 Aquatic Biology ...................................................................... 9-14 9.2.3.4 Terrestrial Biology .................................................................. 9-14 9.2.3.5 Surface Water ........................................................................ 9-14 9.2.3.5.1 Wetlands .......................................................... 9-17 9.2.3.6 Air Quality and Meteorology ................................................... 9-17 9.2.3.7 Transportation ........................................................................ 9-17 9.2.3.8 Land Use ................................................................................ 9-17 9.2.3.9 Archaeological and Paleontological Resources ..................... 9-17 9.2.3.10 Environmental Justice ............................................................ 9-18 9.3 SYSTEM INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT .......................................................................... 9-18 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 9-18 9.3.2 THREATS .................................................................................................... 9-19 9.3.2.1 Commodity Characteristics – Crude Composition ................. 9-19 9.3.2.2 Internal Corrosion .................................................................. 9-19 IV <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 9.3.2.3 Hydrogen Blistering of Laminations ....................................... 9-22 9.3.2.4 Surge and Hydraulic Profile ................................................... 9-22 9.3.2.5 Cracking/Fatigue Monitoring .................................................. 9-23 9.3.2.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking ..................................................... 9-23 9.3.2.7 Incorrect Operations .............................................................. 9-24 9.3.2.8 Security .................................................................................. 9-24 9.3.2.9 Atmospheric Corrosion .......................................................... 9-24 9.3.2.10 External Corrosion ................................................................. 9-25 9.3.2.10.1 Pipe Coatings ................................................... 9-26 9.3.2.10.2 Cathodic Protection and CP Verifications ........ 9-26 9.3.2.10.3 IR Drop (CP Voltage Measurement Criteria) ............................................................ 9-27 9.3.2.10.4 Casings ............................................................ 9-27 9.3.2.10.5 Microbiological Influenced Corrosion (MIC) ..... 9-28 9.3.2.10.6 AC Induced Corrosion ...................................... 9-29 9.3.2.10.7 Stray Currents .................................................. 9-29 9.3.2.10.8 Selective Seam Corrosion (SSC) ..................... 9-30 9.3.2.11 Third Party Damage ............................................................... 9-31 9.3.2.11.1 One Call ........................................................... 9-31 9.3.2.11.2 Public Education .............................................. 9-31 9.3.2.11.3 Excavator Education ........................................ 9-32 9.3.2.11.4 Depth of Cover and Exposed Pipe ................... 9-33 9.3.2.11.5 Pipeline Markers .............................................. 9-33 9.3.2.11.6 Pipeline Surveillance ........................................ 9-34 9.3.2.11.7 Encroachments and ROW Maintenance .......... 9-35 9.3.2.12 External Forces ...................................................................... 9-35 9.3.2.12.1 Flooding ........................................................... 9-36 9.3.2.12.2 Geohazards ..................................................... 9-36 9.3.2.12.3 Crossings ......................................................... 9-36 9.3.3 RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESSES .................................................................. 9-36 9.3.3.1 Operational Reliability Assessment (ORA) ............................ 9-37 9.3.3.2 PHA/ LOPA ............................................................................ 9-37 9.3.3.3 Data Management ................................................................. 9-38 9.3.3.3.1 Material Documentation Plan ........................... 9-40 9.3.3.4 Pipeline Risk Model ............................................................... 9-44 9.3.3.4.1 Conservatism ................................................... 9-45 9.3.3.4.2 Aggregation of Risk Measurements ................. 9-45 9.3.3.4.3 PoF Thresholds ................................................ 9-46 9.3.3.4.4 Basis of PoF Thresholds .................................. 9-47 9.3.3.4.5 Application of PoF Thresholds ......................... 9-47 9.3.3.5 PoF and CoF Integration ........................................................ 9-48 9.4 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 9-49 9.5 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 9-49 10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CONNECTED ACTIONS .................... 10-1 10.1 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT OF CONNECTED ACTIONS ............................................... 10-1 V <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 10.1.1 ORION WEST EXPANSION ..................................................................... 10-1 10.1.1.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ........................................ 10-1 10.1.1.1.1 Human Health and Safety ................................ 10-1 10.1.1.1.1.1 Potentially Affected Communities ............................... 10-1 10.1.1.1.1.2 Regional Population Density Analysis ......................... 10-1 10.1.1.1.2 Transportation Networks .................................. 10-2 10.1.1.1.3 Land Use .......................................................... 10-2 10.1.1.1.3.1 10.1.1.1.3.2 Regional Land Uses ................... 10-2 Parks and Natural Areas ............ 10-3 10.1.1.1.4 Environmental Justice ...................................... 10-3 10.1.1.2 Physical Resources ............................................................... 10-5 10.1.1.2.1 Groundwater Resources .................................. 10-5 10.1.1.2.2 Surface Water ................................................ 10-10 10.1.1.2.3 Geologic Hazards .......................................... 10-17 10.1.1.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................... 10-20 10.1.1.2.5 Climate ........................................................... 10-21 10.1.1.2.5.1 Air Quality ................................. 10-22 10.1.1.3 Ecological Resources .......................................................... 10-23 10.1.1.3.1 Terrestrial Resources ..................................... 10-23 10.1.1.3.1.1 Terrestrial Fauna ...................... 10-25 10.1.1.3.1.2 Terrestrial Flora ........................ 10-28 10.1.1.3.2 Aquatic Resources ......................................... 10-29 10.1.1.3.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ........... 10-31 10.1.1.3.3.1 Protected Terrestrial Species ...................................... 10-31 10.1.1.3.3.2 Protected Aquatic Species ...... 10-32 10.1.1.4 Cultural Resources .............................................................. 10-32 10.1.1.4.1 Historic Properties .......................................... 10-32 10.1.2 ODESSA TO CRANE .............................................................................. 10-33 10.1.2.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ...................................... 10-33 10.1.2.1.1 Human Health and Safety .............................. 10-33 10.1.2.1.1.1 Potentially Affected Communities ............................. 10-33 10.1.2.1.1.2 Regional Population Density Analysis ....................... 10-33 10.1.2.1.2 Transportation Networks ................................ 10-34 10.1.2.1.3 Land Use ........................................................ 10-34 10.1.2.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................... 10-34 10.1.2.2 Physical Resources ............................................................. 10-35 10.1.2.2.1 Groundwater Resources ................................ 10-35 10.1.2.2.2 Surface Water ................................................ 10-35 10.1.2.2.3 Geologic Hazards .......................................... 10-39 10.1.2.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................... 10-40 10.1.2.2.4.1 Climate ....................................... 10-40 VI <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 10.1.2.2.4.2 Air Quality ................................. 10-40 10.1.2.3 Ecological Resources .......................................................... 10-40 10.1.2.3.1 Terrestrial Resources ..................................... 10-40 10.1.2.3.1.1 Terrestrial Fauna ...................... 10-41 10.1.2.3.1.2 Terrestrial Flora ........................ 10-42 10.1.2.3.2 Aquatic Resources ......................................... 10-43 10.1.2.3.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ........... 10-43 10.1.2.3.3.1 Protected Terrestrial Species ...................................... 10-44 10.1.2.3.3.2 Protected Aquatic Species ...... 10-44 10.1.2.4 Cultural Resources .............................................................. 10-44 10.1.2.4.1 Historic Properties .......................................... 10-44 10.1.3 EL PASO GATEWAY .............................................................................. 10-45 10.1.3.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ...................................... 10-45 10.1.3.1.1 Human Health and Safety .............................. 10-45 10.1.3.1.1.1 Potentially Affected Communities ............................. 10-45 10.1.3.1.1.2 Regional Population Density Analysis ....................... 10-46 10.1.3.1.2 Transportation Networks ................................ 10-46 10.1.3.1.3 Land Use ........................................................ 10-46 10.1.3.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................... 10-47 10.1.3.2 Physical Resources ............................................................. 10-47 10.1.3.2.1 Groundwater Resources ................................ 10-47 10.1.3.2.2 Surface Water ................................................ 10-48 10.1.3.2.3 Geologic Hazards .......................................... 10-49 10.1.3.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................... 10-50 10.1.3.2.4.1 Climate ....................................... 10-50 10.1.3.2.4.2 Air Quality ................................. 10-51 10.1.3.3 Ecological Resources .......................................................... 10-51 10.1.3.3.1 Terrestrial Resources ..................................... 10-51 10.1.3.3.1.1 Terrestrial Fauna ...................... 10-51 10.1.3.3.1.2 Terrestrial Flora ........................ 10-52 10.1.3.3.2 Aquatic Resources ......................................... 10-53 10.1.3.3.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ........... 10-53 10.1.3.3.3.1 Protected Terrestrial Species ...................................... 10-53 10.1.3.3.3.2 Protected Aquatic Species ...... 10-53 10.1.3.4 Cultural Resources .............................................................. 10-54 10.1.3.4.1 Historic Properties .......................................... 10-54 10.1.4 CRANE TO EL PASO .............................................................................. 10-54 10.1.4.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ...................................... 10-54 10.1.4.1.1 Human Health and Safety .............................. 10-54 10.1.4.1.1.1 Potentially Affected Communities ............................. 10-54 VII <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 10.1.4.1.1.2 Regional Population Density Analysis ....................... 10-54 10.1.4.1.2 Transportation Networks ................................ 10-55 10.1.4.1.3 Land Use ........................................................ 10-55 10.1.4.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................... 10-56 10.1.4.2 Physical Resources ............................................................. 10-57 10.1.4.2.1 Groundwater Resources ................................ 10-57 10.1.4.2.2 Surface Water ................................................ 10-58 10.1.4.2.3 Geologic Hazards .......................................... 10-62 10.1.4.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................... 10-64 10.1.4.2.4.1 Climate ....................................... 10-64 10.1.4.2.4.2 Air Quality ................................. 10-65 10.1.4.3 Ecological Resources .......................................................... 10-65 10.1.4.3.1 Terrestrial Resources ..................................... 10-65 10.1.4.3.1.1 Terrestrial Fauna ...................... 10-66 10.1.4.3.1.2 Terrestrial Flora ........................ 10-67 10.1.4.3.2 Aquatic Resources ......................................... 10-67 10.1.4.3.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ........... 10-68 10.1.4.3.3.1 Protected Terrestrial Species ...................................... 10-68 10.1.4.3.3.2 Protected Aquatic Species ...... 10-68 10.1.4.4 Cultural Resources .............................................................. 10-69 10.1.4.4.1 Historic Properties .......................................... 10-69 10.1.5 9TH STREET JUNCTION TO SPEED JUNCTION ................................... 10-69 10.1.5.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ...................................... 10-69 10.1.5.1.1 Human Health and Safety .............................. 10-69 10.1.5.1.1.1 Potentially Affected Communities ............................. 10-69 10.1.5.1.1.2 Regional Population Density Analysis ....................... 10-70 10.1.5.1.2 Transportation Networks ................................ 10-70 10.1.5.1.3 Land Use ........................................................ 10-70 10.1.5.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................... 10-71 10.1.5.2 Physical Resources ............................................................. 10-72 10.1.5.2.1 Groundwater Resources ................................ 10-72 10.1.5.2.2 Surface Water ................................................ 10-72 10.1.5.2.3 Geologic Hazards .......................................... 10-75 10.1.5.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................... 10-76 10.1.5.2.4.1 Climate ....................................... 10-76 10.1.5.2.4.2 Air Quality ................................. 10-77 10.1.5.3 Ecological Resources .......................................................... 10-77 10.1.5.3.1 Terrestrial Resources ..................................... 10-77 10.1.5.3.1.1 Terrestrial Fauna ...................... 10-78 10.1.5.3.1.2 Terrestrial Flora ........................ 10-79 10.1.5.3.2 Aquatic Resources ......................................... 10-79 10.1.5.3.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ........... 10-80 VIII <<>> 10.2 10.3 FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 10.1.6.2 Physical Resources ............................................................. 10-84 10.1.6.2.1 Groundwater Resources ................................ 10-84 10.1.6.2.2 Surface Water ................................................ 10-84 10.1.5.3.3.1 Protected Terrestrial Species ...................................... 10-80 10.1.5.3.3.2 Protected Aquatic Species ...... 10-81 10.1.5.4 Cultural Resources .............................................................. 10-81 10.1.5.4.1 Historic Properties .......................................... 10-81 10.1.6 EAST HOUSTON TO HOLLAND AVENUE ............................................. 10-81 10.1.6.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ...................................... 10-81 10.1.6.1.1 Human Health and Safety .............................. 10-81 10.1.6.1.1.1 Potentially Affected Communities ............................. 10-81 10.1.6.1.1.2 Regional Population Density Analysis ....................... 10-82 10.1.6.1.2 Transportation Networks ................................ 10-82 10.1.6.1.3 Land Use ........................................................ 10-82 10.1.6.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................... 10-83 10.1.6.2.3 Geologic Hazards .......................................... 10-87 10.1.6.2.4 Air Quality ...................................................... 10-89 10.1.6.2.4.1 Climate ....................................... 10-89 10.1.6.2.4.2 Air Quality ................................. 10-89 10.1.6.3 Ecological Resources .......................................................... 10-89 10.1.6.3.1 Terrestrial Resources ..................................... 10-89 10.1.6.3.2 Aquatic Resources ......................................... 10-89 10.1.6.3.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ........... 10-90 10.1.6.4 Cultural Resources .............................................................. 10-91 10.1.6.4.1 Historic Properties .......................................... 10-91 PIPELINE RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONNECTED ACTION ........................................... 10-91 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS OF CONNECTED ACTIONS ..................................... 10-94 10.3.1 ORION WEST EXPANSION ................................................................... 10-95 10.3.1.1 Human Resources and Land Uses ...................................... 10-95 10.3.1.1.1 Impacts to Human Health and Safety ............ 10-95 10.3.1.1.1.1 Construction ............................. 10-95 10.3.1.1.1.2 Normal Operations ................... 10-95 10.3.1.1.1.3 Accidental Releases ................. 10-96 Impacts to Transportation .............................. 10-97 10.3.1.1.2.1 Construction ............................. 10-97 10.3.1.1.2.2 Normal Operations ................... 10-98 10.3.1.1.2.3 Accidental Releases ................. 10-98 Impacts to Land Use ...................................... 10-98 10.3.1.1.3.1 Construction ............................. 10-98 10.3.1.1.3.2 Normal Operations ................... 10-99 10.3.1.1.3.3 Accidental Releases ................. 10-99 10.3.1.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................... 10-99 10.3.1.1.2 10.3.1.1.3 IX <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 10.3.1.2.2 10.3.1.2.3 10.3.1.3.2 10.3.1.3.3 10.3.1.2 Physical Resources ........................................................... 10-100 10.3.1.2.1 Impacts to Groundwater ............................... 10-100 10.3.1.2.1.1 Construction ........................... 10-101 10.3.1.2.1.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-101 10.3.1.2.1.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-101 Impacts to Surface Water ............................ 10-102 10.3.1.2.2.1 Construction ........................... 10-102 10.3.1.2.2.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-103 10.3.1.2.2.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-103 Impacts to Air Quality ................................... 10-106 10.3.1.2.3.1 Construction ........................... 10-107 10.3.1.2.3.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-108 10.3.1.2.3.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-108 10.3.1.3 Ecological Resources ........................................................ 10-109 10.3.1.3.1 Impacts to Terrestrial Resources ................. 10-109 10.3.1.3.1.1 Construction ........................... 10-109 10.3.1.3.1.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-110 10.3.1.3.1.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-110 Impacts to Aquatic Resources ..................... 10-111 10.3.1.3.2.1 Construction ........................... 10-112 10.3.1.3.2.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-113 10.3.1.3.2.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-113 Impacts to Threatened and Endangered Species ........................................................ 10-115 10.3.1.3.3.1 Construction ........................... 10-115 10.3.1.3.3.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-117 10.3.1.3.3.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-117 Impacts to Wetlands .................................... 10-119 10.3.1.3.4.1 Construction ........................... 10-119 10.3.1.3.4.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-119 10.3.1.3.4.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-119 10.3.1.4 Cultural Resources ............................................................ 10-120 10.3.1.4.1 Impacts to Historic Properties ...................... 10-120 10.3.1.4.1.1 Construction ........................... 10-120 10.3.1.4.1.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-120 10.3.1.4.1.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-120 10.3.2 ODESSA TO CRANE ............................................................................ 10-121 10.3.2.1 Human Resources and Land Uses .................................... 10-121 10.3.2.1.1 Impacts to Human Health and Safety .......... 10-121 10.3.2.1.1.1 Construction ........................... 10-121 10.3.2.1.1.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-121 10.3.2.1.1.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-121 Impacts to Transportation ............................ 10-122 10.3.2.1.2.1 Construction ........................... 10-122 10.3.2.1.2.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-122 10.3.2.1.2.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-122 10.3.1.3.4 10.3.2.1.2 X <<>> FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LONGHORN PIPELINE REVERSAL 10.3.2.1.3 10.3.2.2.2 10.3.2.2.3 Impacts to Land Use .................................... 10-123 10.3.2.1.3.1 Construction ........................... 10-123 10.3.2.1.3.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-123 10.3.2.1.3.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-123 10.3.2.1.4 Environmental Justice .................................. 10-123 10.3.2.2 Physical Resources ........................................................... 10-123 10.3.2.2.1 Impacts to Groundwater ............................... 10-123 10.3.2.2.1.1 Construction ........................... 10-124 10.3.2.2.1.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-124 10.3.2.2.1.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-124 Impacts to Surface Water ............................ 10-125 10.3.2.2.2.1 Construction ........................... 10-126 10.3.2.2.2.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-126 10.3.2.2.2.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-126 Impacts to Air Quality ................................... 10-127 10.3.2.2.3.1 Construction ........................... 10-127 10.3.2.2.3.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-128 10.3.2.2.3.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-128 10.3.2.3 Ecological Resources ........................................................ 10-128 10.3.2.3.1 Impacts to Terrestrial Resources ................. 10-128 10.3.2.3.1.1 Construction ........................... 10-128 10.3.2.3.1.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-129 10.3.2.3.1.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-129 Impacts to Aquatic Resources ..................... 10-129 10.3.2.3.2.1 Construction ........................... 10-129 10.3.2.3.2.2 Normal Operations ................. 10-129 10.3.2.3.2.3 Accidental Releases ............... 10-130 Impacts to Threatened and Endangered Species ...................... - **truncated:** true - **body characters:** 2118169