NTSB Safety Recommendation Letter P-80-069

Page 1Official PDFI S S U E D : September 24, 1980 Forwarded to: Honorable Howard Dugoff Administrator Research and Special Programs Administration Washington, D.C. 20590 \ I 1 SAFETY RECOMMENDATION(S) i P-80-69 -------------I-----___________l_______l_- On January 2, 1980, crude oil leaked from a fractured 22-inch pipeline a t a levee crossing a t Berwick, Louisiana; the pipeline is owned by the Texas Pipeline Company and runs between Houma and Erath, Louisiana. At 9:54 a.m., the crude oil ignited. One person was killed, one person was injured, and six homes were either destroyed or damaged. The 22-inch coated and wrapped steel pipeline was installed in 1952. The crude oil it carried was gathered in the Houma area and was being pumped to Erath; additional crude oil was being injected at the Gibson and Patterson pump stations. Berwick is located between these two stations. Local residents had detected the leak about 9 a.m. After some delay, the local police were notified. Personnel were dispatched a t 9:24 a.m. and arrived on scene a t 9:26. The volunteer fire department was alerted at 9:26 a.m. and arrived on scene at 9:28. However, even though a marker containing the Texas Pipeline Company's telephone number was located near the leak site, the company was not notified of the leak until 9:53 a.m. By that time, the oil had flowed under houses along the levee. Although emergency personnel evacuated persons from the houses and shut off natural gas appliances, the oil ignited as t h e last house was being entered for appliance shutoff. Immediately upon receiving notification of the leak, the company shut down the single unit which was pumping at Houma and the two remotely operated units at Gibson. A t 10:20 a.m., Houma began to take suction on t h e pipeline in an attempt to pull as much crude oil as possible out of the pipeline at the leak site. Gate valves were closed manually 1 mile upstream and 300 feet downstream of t h e fracture in order to isolate the leak further. However, about 1,888 barrels, or 79,300 gallons, of crude oil escaped under an initial pressure of 140 psig. This volume was estimated from the cumulative total of barrels pumped to Erath a t 1 0 a.m. less the amount received at Erath. The Row rate at Houma and the overall system pressure did not alert company personnel to a leak because the leak began about the same 2924A#

Page 2-2- time that Houma began pumping. Hourly totals for the 28-hour period before t shutdown varied erratically, from 526 barrels over to 249 berrels short; Only a very larg leak could be detected by monitoring receipts for any given hour. Since the pipelin monitoring system failed to detect a loss of over 1,800 barrels of oil, a more effective monitoring system should be developed and implemented. Examination of the failed pipe revealed that a tie-in weld between horiz sections of pipe had been made near the top of the levee, Two pairs or field bends were used to make the crossing to meet U.S. Army Corps of Engineers design requirements, which prohibit penetration of the levee. The weld was reinforced by a full encirclement, fillet-welded sleeve--the operator's normal practice a t levee crossings. The initiating fracture had begun immediately adjacent to the fillet weld a t one end of the sleeve. It was located at the 6 o'clock position on the pipe and had apparently existed for some time without completely penetrating the pipe wall. The ultimate failure was a circumferential fracture, about 29 inches long from the 3 to the 8 o'clock position. Metallurgical tests 1/ revealed that the failure of the pipe was caused by underbead cracking that originated when the sleeve was welded to the pipe. Underbead cracks result from hydrogen absorbed during welding. The absorbed hydrogen may diffuse out of the steel during cooling; however, certain circumstances can cause the heat-affected zone to crack before the hydxgen is able to diffuse out of t h e steel. Low heat input, high carbon and manganese, and rapid cooling increase the hardness of the heat-affected zone and promote underbead cracking. The heat-affected zone that cracked in this case was extremely hard for line pipe steel, indicating that it had cooled rapidly. A large crack grew from the underbead cracks, the growth of which was likely promoted by periodic bending stresses a t the edge of the sleeve due to soil movement, thermal expansion and contraction, or other forces. The fact that the fracture was brittle but arrested after propagating halfway around the circumference indicated a bending stress caused the fracture. The Safety Board is concerned about the use of fillet-welded reinforcement sleeves for levee crossings because moment forces are transferred to the ends of the sleeve where the pipe may have been weakened by the fillet weld heat, and because the pipe is rigid where flexibility is needed. Therefore, it believes that the practice of reinforcement sleeves should be reviewed. Therefore, the National Transportation Safety Board recommends that the and Special Programs Administration: Determine, through an analysis of incident reports and other appropriate means, the significance of safety problems with fillet-welded reinforced sleeves, and take the appropriate corrective action(s). (Class XI, Priorit Action) (P-80-69) KING, Chairman, DRIVER, Vice C Members, concurred in this recommendation. - 1/ "Report 396-80-3434 on Investigatio Pipeline Company," Metallurgical Consul#