Environmental Resource Center — Hazardous Materials Safety Interpretation

Page 1U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Ave. SE Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Washington. D.C. 20590 Safety Administration DEC 22 2010 Ms. Rebecca Spaulding Environmental Resource Center 101 Center Pointe Dr. Cary, NC 27513 Ref. No. 10-0222 Dear Ms. Spaulding: This responds to your October 7, 2010 email regarding the transportation of a calcium oxidebased powder under the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 171-180). According to your letter, the New York City Fire Department (NYCFD) has specifically requested that the manufacturer of a calcium oxide-based powder that you represent supply documentation from PHMSA indicating the product does not require approval for use. You indicate that the material is primarily calcium oxide (up to 95%) mixed with other ingredients. When mixed with water, the product expands and generates heat. You also provide an MSDS and a technical data sheet for further information about the product. Under § 173.22, it is the shipper's responsibility to properly classify a hazardous material. This office does not normally perform this function nor do we provide documentation indicating a product does not require our approval for transport or its intended use. Unless the HMR directs a person to obtain approval for the transport ofa material (e.g., an explosive approval in accordance with § 173.56), a material meeting the definition ofa hazardous material in § 171.8 and properly classed and described in accordance with the HMR may be transported in authorized packaging and by authorized modes. Based on the information provided in your letter, the calcium oxide-based powder would not meet the definition of an explosive under § 173.50 ofthe HMR. Thus, for purposes ofapplicability ofthe HMR requirements to explosive material, the material does not need PHMSA approval for transportation. I hope this information is helpful. Ifyou have further questions, please contact this office. Sincerely, Fen 5#--Ben Supko Acting Chief, Standards Development Branch Standards and Rulemaking Division#

Page 2Drakeford, Carolyn (PHMSA) From: Vas, Brian (PHMSA) Sent: Friday, October 22,201012:30 PM To: Drakeford, Carolyn (PHMSA) Subject: FW: Question from Rebecca Spaulding Attachments: Bristar Tech Manual (2).pdf; Da-mite MSDS ANSI Form REV 09 24 2010.pdf From: Rebecca Spaulding [mailto:rspaulding@ercweb.com] Sent: Thursday, October 07, 20104:08 PM To: Vas, Brian (PHMSA) Subject: FW: testing information Hi Brian, Thank you for your time yesterday on the phone, and more importantly, helping me tackle this issue of how to respond to the FDNY's concerns about this non-explosive material which is used as an alternative to blasting where and when vibrations cannot be tolerated. Attached is the MSDS and a technical data sheet (same product marketed under a different name - "Bristar"). In summary, it is basically calcium oxide (up to 95%) with a kiln dried outer coating (represented by the remaining ingredients in the MSDS) to prevent contact with air and oxygen so that it can be stored for longer periods of time without losing its effectiveness. This outer coating also functions to reduce the permeability of the water penetration to the Calcium Oxide allowing you to mix it, pour it, pump it, etc. with a slowed down reaction time (similar to a time release capsule effect). Here is the direct request by the FDNY: 1) Provide evidence showing that the product has been approved by the DOT for the intended use. (Or provide documentation from DOT indicating that such product does not require special approval from DOT for intended use.) Based on our conversation, you mentioned that a person within the Special Permits dept. may be able to advise whether any explosivity (or other) testing would be required for other hazards and if testing is conducted and it does NOT meet the Div. 1.1-1.6 definitions, then a document would be issued to indicate that the approval is not necessary. If it helps you out, here is some additional information: 1) Calcium oxide is already defined in the DOT Hazardous Materials Table 49 CFR 172.101 as class 8, PG III for air transport only. 2) It has been designated under the NFPA 704 reactivity definition (scale 0-4) as having a rating of 1. The explanation of 1 is the following: Materials which in themselves are normally stable, but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures or which may react with water with some release of energy but not violently. 3) Other than calcium oxide, the remaining ingredients listed in the MSDS are essentially by-products during the kiln drying process that have been explained by the chemist (author of the MSDS) as follows. The raw material (limestone) is passed through the kiln at a temperature of over 1100 C. The final "hard burnt" coating consists of a fused mass of a number of complex chemical entities. These are predominantly anhydrous calcium oxides, and calcium salts. The water and carbon dioxide is eliminated in the kiln drying process. These resulting oxides are presented on the MSDS in the final composition in order of magnitude. Silicon Dioxide exists in the material as the oxide, as is the Ferric Oxide. Whereas alumina combines 1#

Page 3with Calcium ions to form Calcium Aluminate, and Sulfur Trioxide as Calcium Sulfide. On addition of J water Calcium Sulfide hydrolyzes, some of it dissolving in the water. Hence at anytime, there is never any free Sulfur Trioxide present. Please contact me with any question you might have on this issue. I thank you again for your assistance in this very complicating matter. Kind regards, Rebecca Spaulding Environmental Resource Center 101 Center Pointe Dr. Cary, NC 27513 919-469-1585 x 400 919-342-0807 fax rspaulding@ercweb.com Save over 50% on environmental, hazmat transportation, and OSHA training with Environmental Resource Center's annual and corporate subscriptions. And, you can eliminate travel expenses with live webcast training. This email is intended solely for the person to whom it is addressed and may contain confidential, proprietary or privileged material. Use or distribution ofthis information by persons other than the intended recipient is prohibited. If you receive this message in error, please immediately notify the sender and delete it and all copies ofit from your system. Messages sent to or from ercweb.com addresses are permanently archived. 2#

Page 4Mar 19 03 10:26a Dai~h Compan~ "BRISTAR" is. a soundless and safe demolition a\l,ent which is quite different from ordinary demolition ., 'agents such as explosive:; and dangerous materials. It does not cause any flyrock, noise, ground vibration, gas, dust or any other environmental pollution when used properly. As requirement>; for demoH?ning rock and reinforced concrete in con!'.truction increase in tight quarters, the use of explosives and explosive agents arc becoming morerestrictea-i5-TaTlls· ·safety and environmental pollution problems are concerned. "BRISTAR" is a solution. When "BRISTAR" mIxed with an appropriate quantity of water is poured infO cylindrical holes drilled in rock or concrete to be demolished, it hardens and expands and then generates cracks as planned previously. After that, the material with cracks can be easily removed with pick breaker, pneumatic breaker, excavator etc. Family of "BRISTAR" These are currently on the market 3 grades of BRISTAR designed for various temperature ranges (shown in Fig. 1) of material to be cracked. Since a chemkal reaction of BRISTAR depends on temperature, use the proper type of BRISTAR listed in Table 1. Table I. BRISTAR designed for various range of temperature ratuB -a·lOO, 8·150.6-200 an<! B·300 . -.: used in this brochure indicate '.,,>: SR ISTAR 100, 150, 200. and { 300, resPllCtiltely. j-...___ --I __l---::-~::__Ir '··Consult our agent in the case l--..;..:..'-'--.:...::..:'-'-j....:......--If- 1 --:5":-C_-f_5..;;.9°,...F,.;....;1 of 8 high tempef\lture i oller 5'C_ 141~FI 35·C). I. "BRISTAR" is a safe substance. BRISTAR is not controlled by any legal regulation such as explosives and explosive agents etc. No qualified persons for handling are required and the . demolition can be easily and safely performed anywhere. II. "BRISTAR" is a soundless cracking agenL Unlike the existing method of demolition done by explosives or breaking equipment, BRISTAR does 'lOt make anY noise, vibration. fJyrock, dust and gas so that rocks and reinforced concrete may be demolished safely without environmental poilu7708873783 p. 1 tion. Furthermore, as the expansive stress due to BRISTAR is kept even after the crack initiation, the crack opening d\stance becomes wider as time passes. m. "BRISTAR" handles easily. No lid (or cap) is necessary at all after 8RISTAR is poured into a hole of rock or reinforced concrete. Nor is tamping required as with explosives, BRISTAR exerts its strength in a short time, and because of its strong adhesion and frictional resistance to inner surface of the hole, there does not occur any spurt due to heatgeneration (blown-out shot) when used within the parameters as noted in the conditions. The expansive stress along the hole depth is almost constant except for that near the entrance of hole. Generally the expansive stress loss from the hole entrance has little effect on the demolition work when hole depth is long. lV. "SRISTA.R" has an expansive stress of more than 3000 t/ml (Fig.2, 3, 4 ) Generally, the compressive fracture stress of rocks is 1000 to 2000 kgJcm2 and that of concrete 150 to 500 kgJcm2 • However. the tensile fracture stress is very sm.all, i.e., it ranges from 40 to 70 kg/em1 in rocks and 1 S to 30 k,&{cml in concrete, respectively, Since demolition by using BRISTAR is based on a fracture due to a tensile stress, all kinds of rocks and concrete can be cracked and broken by using--GRISTAR when appropriate hales are properly drilled. I. Chemical components of "BRISTAR" BRISTAR is a powder consisting of an inorganic compound made mainly of a special kind of silicate and an organic compound. BRISTAR does not contain any harmful components. II. Some effects on the expansive stress of "BR 1STAR". 1) The expansive stress increases more than 6,OOOl/m~(Fig_ 1,3,4) 2) The larger the hole diameter is, the greater the expansive stress becomes. (Fig. 2) 3) There is little change in the expansive stress when the water ratio is in the neighborhood of approximately 30%. However, the stress is decreased as the water ratio is increased or decreased.#

Page 5Mar 19 03 10:27a Daigh Compan:! 7708873783 p.2 Tempe....ture I'C) Ma)(imum Allowable Temperatore of Material to be Cracked 40 30 t~ 1 '20 ~7Q 10 :: B·1oo 40 o f30 _ 10 l~,_-=---=::::::~~_-:-----::-----:-_-\~ 20 {) 2 3 4 5 6 7 days Waler 'lauo 30% 2QOO 1000 o 12 24 36 48 (hrs1 Time Fig. 1 Time required that expansive stress Fi9- 3 Changes in the e)(pansive stress of B·100 reaches 3000 tIm" and Temperature 4o00r------------------. "" IQ 3000 Expansive Stress him') 2000 1000 Temp_ B·1oo 20°C B-200 SoC d 'S C 6000 :Ci. __ ~ I,~ ......... .... 5000 r ,JIO C, / I Expansive Stress 400D r (t!m2\ ! 3000t hola dia : 40mm • I 2000l Ii 1000 BfiISrl--R 200 1 '--T_im_e ___1~67h-r-s-,~~--~~-o~----~1-0~~~2~O-----~3-~O--_-_4~O~~~5~~O_-~_J _ WateT Ratio :!.01'. Hole Diameter !mml _ ____________ Time __~ll L ~-------O~---1-2~--2-4----~36~~~4~8~ln-r-~~ Fig. 2 The relation between the expansive Fig. 4 Changes in the expansive stress of B -200 stress and hole diameter. There are many superior points in the demolition works performed by "BRISTAR" as compared the other demolition methods_ It is also seen to be more economical. The outline is indicated in Table II. Table II. Comparison of BRISTAR with others -- Breaking S Situations at the work sitl; I 1-:1r I+ Simplification IE' ISafety _ conomy Power Gn:rund ot ProtectIon ' IREMARKS: Kind~ _ Noise Vibr!ltion Dust Gas Flytock © Superior lor Pollutlon-free) Elt'PI~\"~s © X X X X I iDynamite) X X © X 0 f::" A little inferior I1 o Good 6. © IX Inferior (or with pollution) X I © © 0 I *Results differ subject t(; l the .circumstances Explosives 0 lConcrete Cracker) 6. 6. X 6, 6. Rock 6,. 6, 0 0 © breaker 0 Hydraulic r'~\ © © © @ i Splitter '-._" © © I"SRISTAR" 0 © © © © 2#

Page 6Mar 19 03 10:27a llaigh Compan~ 7708873783 p.3 ,After "BRISTAR" is poured into the holes drilled in rocks and a concrete, the expansive stress gradu•ally increase, with time and it gets to more than 3000 tim?' at room temperature after 16 hours. As the "BRISTAR" generates its expansive stress, the material to be cra.cked u{\dcr~oes a proce.ss. of (\) crack initiation, (2) crack propagation, {3) the increase of crack width. Therefore, this fracture mechanism is distinguished from a breakage by blasting. The mechanism by the expansive str~ss of "BRISTAR" is shown in Fig. 5. Cracks initiate from an inner surface of the hole, being Gaused by ten~ile stress at a right angle with the compressive stre5S which occurs by tile expansive stress of "BRISTAR". Then, as the expansive stress of "BRISTAR" is kept up even after the appearance of cracks, the cracks propagate and also new cracks initiate during the process. Usually. fO[ a single hole. 2-4 cracks initiate and propagate. When a free surface exists, the crack, as shown in Fig. 6, is pushed apart mainly by the shear stress, and a secondary crack also arises from the bottom of the hole running toward the free surface. I free surface ---rompressive stress -tensilestress When multiple numbers of holes arc filled with "BRIST A.R", the. tare proper\), adjacent to eil.cn otner, the cracks from the hole propagate to connect with the neighboring holes, as shown in Fig. 7. It is therefore possible to determine the directions of the cracks as planned by appropriately arranging the hole spacing and its depth and its inclination. ...... / 'hole filled with , --BRISTAR Fig. 7 Crack propagation' Establishment of free surface In the case of trenching, shafting or tunneling,if all holes are drilled vertically and filled with BRlSTAR, the crack width can not increase but horiwntal cracks initiate. Therefore, in order to obtain two free surfaces, iodinated holes or presplitting must be required. (Refer to APPENDIX) Fig.5 Fracture mechanism by the eY-l)"af\llive "'-Tess of I3RIS1' A~ r---7""'fr~ surfoce / I I Since work using "BRISTAR" depends on the placement of the holes, the drilling must be done in relation to the job to be performed_ 6.1 Test design and breaking The desi,&n for breaking 'Should be done accordioi', to the properties of rocks. joint, volume to be ,removed, secondary breaking, and work period etc. Table III should be taken into account for the design. Prior to the execution of test break, reference should be made to P,PP£NOIX to aS5ist in bfca\~ design. To determine which combination of hole size and spacing is most desirable, drill several holes of different diameter at different burden and spacing, check each of the break conditions and then decioe hole diam~er, oepili1 burd~n and spaci\1'l,. Table III Type of Breaking by BRISTAR ( secondary crack I ! j I Fig,6 Sectionill-view of the crack formation in the material with two free 5urfaces Type Fragmentation Crack formation PrespliHlng Secondary breaking Hammer. Power show! Hand break&r. Power shovel. Hvdraulic break'll Combination of mechanlcal b'reaker or dy"amitG 3#

Page 7Mar 19 03 10:27a DaiCh Compan::;t 7708873783 p.4 6.2 Drilling I. Drilling machine: II. Drilling , direclion: Use electrical drill, rock drill or ,crawler drill. It is preferable to drill holes verti· cally> btlt in cases of a wall or pillar of reinforced concrete where verti· cal drilling is hard, an inclined hole may be drilled. Since, a greater effect is il,chieved with a deeper hole, in case of a thin material, consideration should be given so as to get a long hole depth by drilling it obliquely if necessary. Horizontal holes can be applied the same idea of spacing a~ with vertical hol~s. The breaking plan of Table IV can serve as a guidance in making a decision. In general, the preferable hole diameter is from 40 to 50 mm (1 W' to 2"'). Table IV. Material and proper hole spacing (Hole Diameter: 40mm) 2f 4,0 T eo 1r I .":o";~:~.ceO J(\\!at , 1 1 ~I= IT!~t4!dal'' roncrete} as holes before placing concrete instead of driUing. Whenever the structure need to be cracked. fill BRISTAR in the pipes. There is no change in breaking effect by the usc of pipe. Ill. Hole diameter and hole spacing: hard virgin roeb ..... soft virgin roek. ", ~ presplitting of the above' rocks . ' .. , ' • ...... foundatioo • Reinforced pillar. 'l:ieam ........ concrete WillA. slab ... IV. Hole depth: This varies with the shape of the ,material to be cracked or the break plan. Refer to APPENDIX as a guide line. It should be noted that "BRISTAR" mixed with water can easily be applied by hand, when the hole depth is up to approximateJy 10 meters. When the depth is less than 3 times the diameter of the hole. less era!,;k· 'jng will occur, the breaking effoct is lessened and the time required for demolition is increased. 6.3 Use of thin steel pipe In the case of a temporary concrete struCl:t/re (to be d~mol\4e.dt place. min stee.l pi)}e.s(the thkk· ness: < 0.8 mm (:iz") I.e. a sheath pipe for P.S. . , 7. MIXING AND FILLING ':' ~ . . 7.1 Mixing of "BRISTAR" I. Mixing Equipment: Mix one bag (5 kg, 11 Ib) of BRISTAR with water at a time by hand or preferably with a mechanical mixer. Prepare the follow· ing equipments. (1} Container : For one bag of "BRISTAR" - a metal bucket or clean can of 10-20 liters capa«;ity. (2) Mixer ; For instance, hand· mixer. (3) Water meter: Breaker or measuring cylinder. {4} Protector : Rubber gloves, sa.fety goggles. II. Mixing Method Pour approximately J.5 liter (0.4 U.S. gallon) of water into container beforehand and add one bag of BRISTAR gradually and mix well until it has a good fluidity. When a vi5cosity of the mixture of BR1STAR and water is too high 10 pour into the hole, add a little water to get a good fluidity. Do not exceed 34% of water ratio p.7 liter; 0.45 US. gallon per 5 kg; 11 Ib of BRIST AR). The mixing time by hand·mixer is about 2-3 minutes (it is rerommended that mechanical mixer be used on large volume jobs). When mixing by hands, wear rubber gloves. III. Mixing Water Use dean water of below 30°C for "8-100", 15"C for "8-150" and 10°C for"B-200"(city water or clean river water). Especially. cool water below lS0C(59°F}must be used when an average atmospheric temperature is more. than 30tlC (86°F) for"B·l00:'The cooler the water, the longer BRIST AR will remain fluid. IV. Standard Quantity The quantity of 8RISTAR to be used for cracking differs with the hole spaces and diameters. \n Table 'V, the re\71tron between the quantity of BRISTAR used and the 4#

Page 8Mar 19 03 10:28a Daigh Compan~ 7708873783 p.5 hole diameters is indicated for the hole of 1 m depth, where BR1ST AR was mixed at a water ratio of 30%. .Table V. Quantity of BRISTAR used per hole depth and the hole diameters. III. When much water of the slurry is absorbed to the material to be cracked lfor instJnce, a dry concrete). use the sack or spray water into the hole. In cold temperature, avoid the water sprayed freezing in the hole. IV. When the material to be cracked is in water,use the sack indicated in Fig. 8 . Try to use the bucket or the pump when filling into the pipe, remove it up, and then tie the sack to avoid BRISTAR filled diluting. If there is no flow of water around an entrance of the hole, SRI· STAR may directly be poured into the hole using the pump so 00. It should gently dis· place the water in the hole. The average quantity of"BRJSTAR"used perl m3 is 5 kg for the material to be broken when working at in virgin rock (8.4 Ib/yd3 ). r or fragmentation and reinforced com;rete, an amount of 2 to 4 times of that is required. Design the hole diameter and the spacing by also referring to Table IV or APPENDIX. 1.2 Filling of the hole with "BRISTAR" \. "BR\STJ\R" should be poured into no\c!; within 10 minutes after mixing with water. "BRISTAR" may set up within 10 minutes loosing its fluid properties and becoming difficult to pour. Once Its fluidity is gone, it shouJd not be diluted by re-mixing with wa\.er, ?C the :;trewgth ;.;. greath> reduced. I L "BRISTAR" is best placed using a bucket with pour spout, coking gun or grouting pump, especially for a horizontal hole. Try to drili horizontal holes with some slope to help in filling. IlL "BRISTAR" must be poured into 11 hole to the brim. IV, For 3 horizontal hole, the hole can be easify plugged with"BRISTAR"as it reaches a clay like consistancy as it start, setting up. A slight slope makes their use much easier. 7:-3 Use of polyethylene sack in hole I. If there is water il1 the hole, place a poiy· ethylene thin sack equal to the hoie diameter into the hole, insert a wooden rod into the bag and then Fill BRISTAR into the sack. (See Fig. 8) The BRISTAR in the sack will displace the water in tha hole. There IS no change in the breaking effect by the use of this kind of sack. II. When there are many loints or large voids in 'i"~ material to be cracked or when "SRI=;TAR." somewhat leak.. from tn-a hOle. u~e tn" :;'!'ck. Fig. 8 Use of polyethylene SIlC!~ in holl'l 7.4 After treatment !. Tamping with mortar or sand is not required at all after the filling of "BRISTAR". It is also not necessary to put on any restrictive cap. Jlist \eave as it is and wait unti' crack initialc~. Covering the filled hole with a ptilStiC cover is desireable to avoid dilution o/"BRISTAR"rrom external water source until cracking starts. II. Spraying the surface with water after the cracks initiate tends to increase the width of cr~lcks and speed the cracking orOCGSS,#

Page 9Mar 19 03 10:29a DaiCh Companl:! 7708873783 p.6 8. TIME REQUIRED FOR <:;RACK FORMATION The time required for crack forma.tion in material at 2fJ'C (68"F) is about "\ 0-20 houl'!.. The lower the ,temperature the longer crack formation takes. The crack width for rock continues to increase with time and can become 10-30 mm Cit" -1+") after several days, depending on free surfaces available. It is best to wait until the "BRIST.AR" has worked to full depth before removing rock as premature removal at the first sign of a crack can hamper the leverage effect of "BRISTAR". 9. CONTAINER AND STORAGE "BRISTAR" is packed in 4 anti-moisture plastic bags. of 5 kg (11 Ib) each and the placed in a water proofed carton with a total weight of approximately 20 kg (44 Ib). 10. CAUTION L Do not use "8RISTAR" for other purposes besides the cracking of rocks or concrete as instructed in this brochure. II. Rinse with water, when any portion of the skin comes in contact with "BRISTAR". m. When mixing and filling "gRISTAR" in holes, wear rubber gloves and safety goggles. IV. Do not pour and leave "BRISTAR' I in bottle or can to avoid shattering of the can or bottle. V. 00 not look directly into any holes for at least 6 hours after pouring "BRISTAR" into a hole. It may splatter or blowout of the hole due to heat generation when temperature of materia! to be broken is over 3SoC (9S0F) for "8-100", 20°C (68°F) for "B-150" and 15°C (59°F) for "8-200" or when hole diameter exceeds 51 mm {2"}. If these conditions occur, cover the holes with a doth sheel. VI. Do not use hot water. Use clean water of below 300 e (86"F) for "8-100", l.s<>C for "B-150" and lOGe (50"F) for "8-200", Use cool water below 1 tf'c (590 F) when an average atmospheric temperature is more than 300 e (86°F) for "B-1 00". I. Although "BRIST AR" is packed in anti-moisture paper bag>, long storage may 'cause deterioration of its working ingredients. Therefore, store in a dry place and use ;t as soon as possible. II. When storing, do not place the bags of "SRISTAR" directly on floor, put them on a pallet and keep. in a dry warehouse etc. "SRISTAR" 50 stored can be effectively use for about 1 year. Ill. "BRISTAR" should be unpacked before use. IV. When storing the portion of "SRISTAR" remain· ing after usc. please push the air out of the bag, then seal it up with gum tape and use it as soon as possible. However, as it may get exposed to moisture there is risk of BRIST AR losing its effectiveness once the bag has been opened. V. -H you receive broken bags of "BRISTAR", they - may not work due to chance of moisture absorp· tion.#

Page 10Mar 19 03 10:30a Dai~h Compan~ 7708873783 p.7 d lB-44mm 1.%.. - 1%" ~?O% of Height 1 General Concept for Boulder (1 ~ 1.5m3 ;1.5""" 2yd3 ) (1) Soft Rock 121 Middle Han:! Rock i3i Hard Rock {Tensile Strength: (Tensile Strel'Y,Jth: !Tensile Strength: < 60 kg/em'; 850psi) 6O-100ltg{cm'; 850- 1400psol > 100 kg/em>; 1400psi) W 20-4Qcm 48" - 15") 2 Splitting of Large Boulder 111 \ 0 70% of Height Fill in ill holes and then ® holes after 6 - 20 hours. 3 Underground Excavation d\38-44mm J 1Y," -n~" LI 3(),- ,00 cn.1'. Ground Level I 1'~,2' 01 ShOwn in Figure dl38-51mm i 1W'-2" i3} Caisson Foundation L i 6O-90cm I 2'-3' o I 90% of Height' L '11----+ Ground LeVl!!I ..,....,......._..-,rr-.".. 4 Slabbing 32-35mm __--~~r-""'~ d ~ L o Small d and L should be used to obtain a straight crack line. o 7#

Page 11Mar 19 03 10:33a Daigh Compan::t 7708873783 p.8 5 Breakage of Virgin Rock d 44-51 mm 1%" -2" 30-- 40 em 1.1 ! " - 1'4" 1----'-,.. _ . l. 60'":90 em 2·,... ·3· [) Add.~l1g 5% of Heignt II 80';":;90° The tQe should be drilled at closer hole spacing and successivel" broken from the front row. No drilling will cause poor breakage. -~- CD 5% of Height The front holes lup to sixth row} may be simultaneously filled in. It is more effective tor the removal to fill In <D holes and then ead! two rows (@,@I after a deray of 6 ~ 20 hours. 6 Trenching and Tunneling 111 V-cut 38-51 mm d 111....-2.. Rei iever holes are necessary when tnmch is deep. Repeat the same procedure for deeper case. I. 30-6Ocm 1'-2' D 1-1.Bm 3'-6' (Crackedl Il 45-60" o Fill jn(j)holss and lhen(2)holes aher delaying. (21 V-cut - i3) Burn Cut ::_::::0 >1.5m IS'l 0-+- 0-- 0j o () Q o j ()-O> 0-- 0- o f()-->. 0-- 0--.... 0 o 0 " o o " 0 o () Pill in (i) holes and then ® and ® after delaying. 38-51mm Face L ..-.. !Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 laoooooooo o Q ~Rellver &X50(xXXXX l~ 0 Hole 0000000000 0000000000 +---B-u-(-~-C::-U-l--· >1.Sm IS') d 1:y.."-2" L, 40-60cm 1'4" ~ 2' 38-44mm d 1Yl·'.....,1"1~" 3D-60em ,4 30~40cm . 1'-1'4" L 1'~2' 1-1.8m 0 3'-6' For horizon'tal holes, drill them with some slope tc; ~e\p in fillIng. 8#

Page 12Mar IS 03 10:34a Daigh Compan~ 7708873783 p.S 1 Generar Concept for 2 Generar Concept for Concrete Reinforced Concrete q:- L L 0 () <I G R-o (1)0 til o 0 • D e o 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 0 0 G 0 G 0 o " " " 00" " .0 " ~ 0 o • ~ 0 0 000 • 0 " .. 0 \ { 0 1 38-44tnm d d 1'" ,,, " 1%"-1%" 4fr-.-SOCm'L .,,­ 1'4"-2' 35mm 3S-44mm lW'-1%" 1' ..:7', 2!r25em :':8~";10":' 30-:40tm ·",'''-1 '4" 0 70% of Heigftt 0 90% oH:leight .. ' When vertieai drilling is difficult, drill d and L depend On both quantity of horizontal holes wi1il $Offill $lope. reifOlCed steel and shape of lhat. 3 Mass Concrete 4 Pile Foundatic;m (Bridge pier and Foundation etc.) I I <I a r I o 0 1 o I HoYi«lnrnl hole Reinforced Steel iRemovedl Cutting Line CLJHing Line 20~25cm {S"-10"l 20-25 I., t--:::..;;....-"'-._Fill in ® holes and then til holes after delaying. 9#

Page 13Mar 19 03 10:37a Daigh Compan~ 7708873783 p.l0 5 Thick Wall When perpendicular cracks to wall face are necessary: . Cracks propagate along wall face t. I J f. j' t, " t t f I 't I J : l I ~ .: :: :: !I I. 38-44mm Add a reliever hole. Spl!!:ing may be 10cm 14'1 though 20em (a'). Drill larger d ot holes. 6 Pier, Bridge Foundation. Retaining Wall Drilling depends on a shape of structu re and a circumstance. t1) Male: jog ot large bloek; \'2) 1IIIal<ing ot small p',eces; (3) Wall is very high; 14) Foundation is th'u:k, Secondary breaking with Drilling is only from one side, Vertical drilling is difficult. Secondary breaking with large large rock breaker. rock breaker. Side View I' ," I:, I '. b ,, ,, ,' , I " I, II I, " I' ' , Iil I' , :' , ' ' I ' . ., I, " " " S I' ,, ., " " I, ,I , I ' . ,I , I J I .1 --0-0----00,1 01' 0'1 0 ,I I' " -0-0--0--0~ P, ~ --0-0--0-I' ,, (} 1,0 0 !fo -0-0--0............0, 'I f ,, " I, " , I !, : I --0--0---0-.. , , 0 I 0 I I 9 0 I 9 ) 0 I 0 t c I 0 I 0 ! 9 10#

Page 14Mar 19 03 10:37a Daigh Compan~ 7708873783 p. 11 7 Zone Demolishing {Pillar. Beam. Wall} (1) Stagged Arrangement (Pillar) Id 38-44mm 1;!."-1~" IL i 30~ 4O<:m 1'-1'4" 1 D , 90% of Width or Height I f--~ 0 L -- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 ""- ~..• , , -':' R'9"~ - -j D Horizontal or 1 m:linated Hale (60 - 80~1 !21 X Figure Arrangement (Pillar, WaH) o 90% of Width or Height C3l Cross Drilling (Beam) Beam 2 L Piller . J-o • II!I " o >30crn ('!') Cutting Line Try to set safel",' Zone 10 avoid pinar cracking, 38-44mm =1d 1----. lY.,"-1%" 30-4Qcm L Damage Region 1'-1'4~' ;D 90% of Width or Height IJ 60-800 - I 11#

Page 15Mar 19 03 10:39a Daigh Compan~ 7708873783 p. 12 8 General Concept for Thin Concrete (Wall, Slab) L ---- 11 Crack width of the front ..-ow is opened much Openning Face larger than that of the behind rows. I Square Arrangement Staggered Arrangement 21 Avoid diagonal crack d. 32-38mrn. .1~:',,:,-1%" d, 25mm 1" 32-38mm 1~"-1~" 25":3Ocin L, L, 10"~1' 1(Jcm 4"- . 10-15cm 4"-6"· The cu IVature at corner (R) should be more than 15crn (6't - L"d, 31 Splitting of Wall 3a-44I'm!1:~:. d.. ~SteelBar ! , I ! I 25"'3Ocm L 1-1 - --":-_"":"1--' .---1 0 : ! I , , ' &lUliTe / Arrangement ? ? ~ ~>XX'! ~ ? ? Cros$ Section 12#

Page 16Mar 19 03 10:39a Daigh Compan:::f 7708873783 p.13 I 38-44mm d 41 Splitting of Slab , Staggered Arrangement 2 Square Arrangement L' L, .. .. t - r r 1 1 ~ T ~ Q 0 q 0 0 0 l~ , L'l , t l 1 1 ! ! " Q C L, <L., L,~L;' 1~"-1%# L, 25- 30 em 10" -1' d L' 51 Establishment of free surface In stead of Bum Cut (chapter 6 of Rock), cross driUiI1!1 may be ----- ---- used to establish the free surface ". - ... ... _-----... .,..----_.... _--_ ..... _-.... for wall case. \ t ~ , J I • . ) r r t T. r r t , 38-44mm I , , ,,1 %"-1}!''' 1 .. :a9.~~5cm, '+ + 1 f + r ,"S"+,l(),rt', .. I 1 ~ • ..-.--------\-----' , r r r i I · • • , .._-_-.------ ... ... _ Damage Region by IlRISTAR \ I t ~ . , , -----. 9 Delay 'Filling Fill in CD holes lind then (V holes after delaving. ISee 2, 6 of Rock:, and 3 of Concrete" This am be applied for controlling of a crack direction. Bridge Pier o 0 0 o 0 (Vo a Cutting direction 13#

Page 17MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (Conforms to the ANSI Z400.5.2004 Standard) SECTION 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT &COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Identifier: Da-mite"" Rock Splitting Mortar (Da-mite). Non Explosive Demolition Mortar Product Use: For controlled, silent, non-vibration demolition of stone, rock, and concrete. Manufacturer's!Supplier's Name: Daigh Company Inc. Address: 2393 Canton Hwy, Suite 400, Cumming, GA 30040 Emergency Telephone #: 770-886-4711 Date MSDS Prepared September 24, 2010 SECTION 2 - COMPOSITION Hazardous Ingredients (specific) % CAS Number Calcium Oxide (CaO) 85-95 1305-78-8 Silicon Dioxide (Si02) 4-9 60676-0 Iron Oxide (Fe304) 1.5-3 1309-37-1 Aluminum Oxide (AI203) 1-5 1344-28-1 Sulfur Trioxide (S03) 0.5-3 7704-34-9 Toxicological Data on Calcium Oxide LD50: Not Available LC50: Not Available OSHA PEL for calcium oxide - 5 mg!m" ACGIH TLV for calcium oxide - 2 mg/m" SECTION 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Emergency Overview: Danger! Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Causes burns to skin and eyes. Causes severe irritation to the respiratory tract, characterized by burning, sneezing and coughing. Inflammation of the eyes is characterized by redness, waterinq and itchinq. SECTION 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES Eyes: Immediately flush eyes with water for a period of 15 minutes. Pull back the eyelid to make sure all the dust has been washed out. Seek medical attention immediately. Skin: Flush exposed area with large amounts of water. Seek medical attention immediately. Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Seek medical attention if necessary. Ingestion: Give large quantities of water or fruit juice. Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention immediately. Note to physicians: Provide general supportive measures and treat symptomatically. MSDS: Da-mite Rock Splitting Mortar (Da-mite). Non Explosive Demolition Mortar REV: 9/24/10 (Conforms to the ANSI Z400.5.2004 Standard) Page lof4#

Page 18SECTION 5 - FIREFIGHTING MEASURES Fire Hazards: Da-mite is not combustible or flammable. However Da-mite reacts with water releasing sufficient heat to ignite highly combustible materials in certain instances. Da-mite is not an explosion hazard. However' reaction with water or other combustible material causes the material to swell and may rupture containers. Hazardous Combustion Products: !\lone identified. Extinguishing Media: Use dry chemical fire extinguisher. Do not use water or halogenated compounds, except that water may be used to deluge small amounts of Da-mite. SECTION 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Spill/Leak Procedures: Do not use water on bulk material spills. Small Spills: Use dry methods to collect spilled materials. Do not clean up with compressed air. Store spilled materials in dry, sealed, plastic or metal containers. Do not store clean up residuals in aluminum containers. Surfaces contaminated with residual amounts may be washed down with water. Large Spills: Use dry methods to collect spilled materials. Evacuate area downwind of clean-up operations to avoid dust exposure. Store spilled materials in dry, sealed, plastic or metal containers. Do not store clean up residuals in aluminum containers. Containment: For large spills avoid the generation of dust. Do not release into sewers or waterways. Clean-up: Residual amounts can be flushed with large amounts of water. Equipment can be decontaminated by washing either in mild vinegar and water solution, or detergent and water solution. SECTION 7 - HANDLING AND STORAGE Handling: Keep in tightly closed containers. Protect from phYSical damage. Avoid direct contact with material. Storage: Store in a cool, dry and well ventilated location. Keep stored Da-mite away from moisture. Do not store or ship in aluminum containers. SECTION 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLSfPERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Airborne Exposure Limits: OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) 5 mg/m" (TWA) ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 2 mg/m;J MSDS: Dil-mite Rock Splitting Mortar (Da-mite). Non Explosive Demolition Mortar REV: 9/24/10 (Conforms to the ANSI Z400.5.2004 Standard) Page 2 of 4#

Page 19Ventilation System: A system of local and/or general exhaust is recommended to keep employee exposures below the airborne exposure limits. Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved): If the exposure limit is exceeded and engineering controls are not feasible a full-face piece particulate respirator (NIOSH Type N100 Filters) may be worn. Skin Protection: Use an approved water resistant barrier cream. Wear impervious protective clothing, including boots, gloves, head protection and approved eye protection, long-sleeves, apron or coveralls to prevent skin contact. Eye Protection: Use chemical safety glasses/goggles and/or full-face shield where dusting or splashing of solutions is possible. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick drench facilities in the work area. Footwear: Resistant to caustic solutions. SECTION 9 - PHYSICAL &CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Appearance: Light gray powder Odor: Odorless Solubility: Slightly soluble in water with the release of heat and formation of calcium hydroxide Specific Gravity: 3.2 - 3.4 pH: 10 (1 % solution of DB-mite in water) % Volatiles by volume at 21 C (70F): 0 SECTION 10 - STABILITY &REACTIVITY Stability: Chemically stable. Unlike normal Calcium Oxide which reacts quickly with water, De-mite is specially kilned to provide a hard outer coating which allows slow penetration of water resulting in a controlled reaction, expansion and heat evolution to take place. This process generates the highest tensile forces necessary to split rock. Hazardous Decomposition Products: No hazardous decomposition products Incompatibilities: DB-mite should not be mixed or stored with the following materials due to the potential for violent reaction and heat: Acids, reactive fluorinated compounds, reactive brominated compounds, reactive powdered metals, organiC acid anhydrides, nitro organic compounds and reactive phosphorous compounds. Conditions to Avoid: Air, moisture and incompatibles. SECTION 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION No LD50/LC50 has been identified for the components of De-mite. The main component is calcium oxide which is not listed b MSHA, OSHA, or IARC as a carcino en. MSOS: Oil-mite Rock Splitting Mortar (Oa-mite). Non Explosive Demolition Mortar REV: 9/24/10 (Conforms to the ANSI Z400.5.2004 Standard) Page 3 of 4 I#