Dow Chemical Company — Pipeline Safety Interpretation

Page 1U.S. Department ofTransportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE Washington DC 20590 HAR TT28t9 Ms. Jennifer Ashcraft Sr. Regulatory Compliance Specialist The Dow Chemical Company 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., B-101 Freeport, Texas 77541-3257 Dear Ms. Ashcraft: In a January 24, 2017, letter to the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), you requested an interpretation of 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 195. Specifically, you requested an interpretation as to PHMSA's regulatory requirements at your Salt Dome Operations (SDO) facility in Freeport, Texas. You stated that the primary purpose for the SDO facility is to provide storage capacity (manage inventory) and supply brine for facilities in Dow's Texas Operations. In addition, you stated the facility is subject to and complies with the Railroad Commission (RRC) of Texas Oil & Gas Division requirements as well as OHSA's Process Safety Management (PSM) regulations. You asked if the in-plant the piping system within the SDO facility meets the in-plant piping exemption in§ 195.l(b)(8). PHMSA requested additional information specific to the SDO facility first on February 13, 2017, and several times thereafter. On July 5, 2018, you provided PHMSA with additional information via email. In your response, you stated the SDO is an integrated storage facility comprised of underground storage caverns, piping, valves and miscellaneous process equipment used for the storage and transfer of various hydrocarbons to and from both Dow manufacturing units and third parties. You stated the facility stores the following products: naphtha, pygas, methane, ethane, LPG/propane, ethylene, and propylene. From the information you provided, it appears one or more of these products, such as methane, may be stored in gas form. You stated products and materials enter the SDO facility through Dow's Gulf Coast Pipeline Operations (GCPL), Dow's Site Pipeline Operations (SPO) and other third party, PHMSA- regulated pipelines. All pipelines entering the SDO are equipped with PHMSA-regulated over pressure protection (OPP) devices that protect the SDO in-plant piping from experiencing an over-pressuring event from outside (mainline) pressure. Further, you stated that the SDO facility does not refine or manufacture products. You stated the facility is only a storage facility associated with Dow Texas Operations' manufacturing and chemical plants. You opined that where you believe PHMSA' s regulations on pipelines entering The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety provides written clarifications of the Regulations (49 CFR Parts 190-199) in the form of interpretation letters. These letters reflect the agency's current application of the regulations to the specific facts presented by the person requesting the clarification. Interpretations do not create legally-enforceable rights or obligations and are provided to help the public understand how to comply with the regulations.#

Page 22 the SDO end, piping and equipment used to transport materials throughout the storage facility and to the underground storage caverns are regulated by EPA's Risk Management Program (RMP) and OHSA's Process Safety Management (PSM) regulations. Similarly, where you believe RRC's regulations end for cavern surface piping, you opined EPA's RMP and OSHA's PSM regulations apply to piping and equipment. In addition, you provided maps, tables, and product descriptions of the SDO facility. The Pipeline Safety Act, 49 USC§ 60102(a), specifies that ~'pipeline transportation" includes "the movement of hazardous liquid by pipeline" and "storage of hazardous liquid incidental to the movement of hazardous liquid by pipeline," but not the movement of hazardous liquids through "onshore production, refining, or manufacturing facilities." PHMSA has adopted minimum safety standards for hazardous liquid pipelines in 49 CFR Part 195. Section 195.l(b)(8) states that these pipeline safety standards do not apply to the "[t]ransportation of hazardous liquid or carbon dioxide through onshore production (including flow lines), refining, or manufacturing facilities or storage or in-plant piping systems associated with such facilities." The exception in§ 195.l(b)(8) does not apply to any facilities that are used directly in the transportation of hazardous liquids by pipeline (see 49 C.F.R. § 195.l(a)). Based on the information you provided, it appears the in-plant piping system transporting hazardous liquid within your SDO facility is jurisdictional to PHMSA. You stated the SDO facility "is an integrated storage facility comprised of underground storage caverns, piping, valves and miscellaneous process equipment used for the storage and transfer of various hydrocarbons to and from both Dow manufacturing units and third parties."1 You further stated products enter the SDO facility by pipeline and exit the facility by pipeline.2 Importantly, you stated no production, refining or manufacturing activities are performed at the SDO facility, and characterized the SDO as a storage facility.3 In summary, the information submitted with your request indicates the SDO facility receives hazardous liquids in transportation by pipeline, stores hazardous liquids incidental to their movement by pipeline, and transports hazardous liquids from the facility by pipeline. The facility is, therefore, engaged in pipeline transportation subject to the Pipeline Safety Act and 49 C.F.R. Part 195 unless an exception applies. In addition, the facility may be subject to 49 CFR Part 194 and require an oil spill response plan to be submitted to PHMSA for review and approval. As explained above, both the Pipeline Safety Act and Part 195 except the movement of hazardous liquids through production, refining, manufacturing facilities or storage or in-plant piping associated with such facilities. Since the SDO is not a production, refming or manufacturing facility and does not meet any other exception listed in§ 195.l(b), the in-plant piping within the facility is not excepted from PHMSA's jurisdiction. 1 Dow Letter, (July 5, 2018) at 1. 2 Id. at2-3. 3 Id. at 2, 7. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety provides written clarifications of the Regulations (49 CFR Parts 190-199) in the form of interpretation letters. These letters reflect the agency's current application of the regulations to the specific facts presented by the person requesting the clarification. Interpretations do not create legally-enforceable rights or obligations and are provided to help the public understand how to comply with the regulations.#

Page 33 Further, you noted that the SDO facility "has equipment and systems in place to process materials stored to prepare for use in Texas Operations facilities."4 Processing involved in transportation that is not otherwise "production, refining or manufacturing," is not exempt from the Pipeline Safety Act under 49 USC§ 60101(a)(22)(B). PHMSA, however, has not currently adopted regulations addressing the safety standards of processing equipment. Finally, you stated that hazardous liquids are stored in underground storage caverns on the SDO facility site. PHMSA does not currently have specific regulations for underground hazardous liquid storage facilities, but does have regulations governing underground natural gas storage facilities in Part 192, specifically in§ 192.12. Because PHMSA does not have specific regulations at this time for underground hazardous liquid storage facilities, the application of Part 195 would stop at the wellhead site valves for underground caverns storing hazardous liquids. The specific valve at the wellhead site can be wellhead, casing head, choke assembly, or line valve, based on your operations and maintenance manual. To the extent any portion of your SDO facility meets the definition of a natural gas storage facility under § 192.1, it is subject to PHMSA's regulations in Part 192. This interpretation is based upon the information you have provided to support this request. If PHMSA discovers that any of the information provided by Dow Chemical Company is not accurate or that relevant circumstances change, PHMSA may amend this interpretation to be consistent with the pipeline safety regulations. Ifwe can be of further assistance, please contact Tewabe Asebe at 202-366-5523. Director, Office of Standards and Rulemaking 4 Id. at 2. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety provides written clarifications of the Regulations (49 CFR Parts 190-199) in the fonn of interpretation letters. These letters reflect the agency's current application of the regulations to the specific facts presented by the person requesting the clarification. Interpretations do not create legally-enforceable rights or obligations and are provided to help the public understand how to comply with the regulations.#

Page 4JAN302017 January24,2017 CERTIFIEDMAIL The DowChemical Company 2301 BrazosportBlvd. Freeport,Texas 77541 N. #7015 0640 0001 7680 1848 USA Mr. JohnA.Gale Director,Office of Standardsand PHMSA,U.S. Departmentof 1200New JerseyAvenue,SE Washington,D.C.20590-0001 Rulemaking Transportation Re: RequestforWritten TheDowChemical RegulatoryInterpretationon CompanySaltDome PHMSAJurisdiction Operations Dear Mr. Gale: The DowChemical Company,hereinafter Dow, respectfullyrequestsawritten interpretationasit pertains jurisdictionatourSaltDome Operations(SDO) facilityin Freeport,Texas. SDOisabrine miningand hydrocarbonstoragefacilitythat supportsand is integraltoDow's Texas Operations.The primarypurposeforthe SaltDome Operationisto providestorage capacity(manageinventory)and supplybrine for facilitiesin Dow's Texas Operations.This facilityis subjecttoand complieswith Railroad Commissionof Texas (RRCT)Oil& GasDivision requirements.In pipeline safetyis also delegatedtotheRRCT. toPHMSA Texas, regulatoryauthority over Dow contends that PHMSA Thisstanceis basedonthe jurisdictiondoesnot applytothein followinginformation: -plant pipingsystemsatthe SDO facility. Asstated in40 CFR 195.1 (b)(8),these requirementsdo not applytothe "transportationof liquidor carbondioxide throughonshore production (includingflow lines), refining,or manufacturingfacilities or storageorin -plant pipingsystemsassociated withsuch facilities." Additionally,an"in -plant piping system"isdefinedas "pipingthat is locatedonthe groundsofa plantand usedto transfer hazardous liquidorcarbon dioxide between plantfacilitiesanda pipelineor other mode of transportation,not includinganydeviceand associated pipingthatare necessarytocontrol inthe pressure pipelineunder § 195.406(b)."This exceptionisbased onthe United States Code §601012ofthe PipelineSafetyLaw which states "transportinghazardous liquiddoesnotinclude movinghazardous liquidthrough... (ii)onshore production,refining,or manufacturingfacilities;or (iii) storageorin -plantpipingsystemsassociated with onshore production,refining,or manufacturingfacilities." hazardous SDOisan underground storagefacilitywhich receives materialfrom regulated pipelinesand storesthe material until transported throughregulated pipelinesas applicabletobe usedas a material for the various productsthataremanufacturedat Dow's Texas Operationssite and/orto storefinished product priorto transportationeither backto Texas Operationsor througha regulated pipeline.Therefore,it isour understandingthat the in -plant pipingsystemsofSDOdo not meetthe term "transportinghazardous liquid"asstated in the UnitedStates Code §60101of Pipeline SafetyLaw since this systemisa storagefacilityassociated with a manufacturing TexasNatural ResourceCode §117.012statesthat (b)Rules that adopt safetystandarddonot applyto ofhazardous liquidsorcarbon dioxide throughgatheringlinesin rural locations or production, refining,or manufacturingfacilitiesor storageorin -plant pipingsystemsassociated with anyofthose ResourceCode §117.011 JURISDICTION. (a)The commissionhas jurisdictionoverall pipeline transportationof hazardous liquidsor carbondioxide andoverall liquidor carbondioxide pipelinefacilitiesas provided by49 U.S.C. Section 60101et seq. raw the 1 movement facilities 2 Natural hazardous#

Page 5Mr.JohnA. Gale PHMSA,U.S. Departmentof January24,2017 Page2 Transportation facility.These pipingsystemsthat "transportinghazardous liquid" areand have been for decades, regulated byRRCT under theirOil and Gas regulationsand/or OSHA'sProcess Safety Management(PSM) regulations.The Oiland Gas regulations specify requirementsthat minimize the risktolife and propertythroughactivitiessuchas implementationofan integritymanagement programfor product,freshwaterand brine surface pipingassociated with undergroundstoragecaverns. donotmeetthe definition of 2. From Interpretation#PI Part 195 appliesto particulartransfer primarilyonthree fromthe regulations: Low -stress pipelinesor pipelinesegmentsare exempt,unless theytransporta highlyvolatile liquid(HVL)orare located ina non-rural waterway,oroffshore (195.1(b)(3)). Refiningand manufacturingfacilities (e.g., petrochemical plantfacilities)are includingin -plant pipingsystemsand storageassociatedwith those facilities Facilitiesonthe groundsof materials transportationterminalsare exemptif the exclusivelytransfer hazardous liquidbetween non -pipelinemodes of transportation (e.g., bargeand railroad)orbetweena non -pipelinemode anda pipelinemode,not associated pipingthatare necessarytocontrol in the pressure pipelineunder 195.1(b)(7)(ii)). -plantand terminal piping exemptionsunder §195. 1(b)(6)and (b)(7)are subjecttothe followingdefinitionand interpretations: Theterm"in -plant pipingsystem"isdefined in §195.2as "pipingthat is locatedonthe groundsofa plantandused totransfer hazardous liquidorcarbon dioxide between plant facilitiesorbetween plantfacilities anda pipelineorother mode of transportation,not includinganydeviceand associated pipingthatare necessarytocontrol pressurein the pipelineunder § 195.406(b)." If there isno pressurecontrol deviceon plantgroundsthatis required by§ 195.406(b)for safe operationofa jurisdictional pipeline servingthe plant,in -plant pipingextendstothe plant boundary(57FR 56305and 59FR 33389)...." SDOisan storagefacilityassociated with Operationssite.SDOstores transported through regulated pipelinesto and/or fromTexas Operationsfacilities -plant pipingsystemsof SDOmeetthe intent of the "in PHMSA -95-056 (enclosed): "Whether piping depends exemptions • area, navigable • exempt, (195.l(b)(6)). • facilities includingany deviceand § 195.406(b)( The in • • Dow's Texas underground materialuntil and believes that the in -plant piping" exemptionin §195 Ina ProposedFAQfrom theSubcommittee onMidstream Facility Safety,PHMSA Gas& LiquidsTechnical AdvisoryCommittees,the following questionwasasked and addressed: FAQ6 Q-"How is storageand associated pipinglocatedonthe groundsofa processing facilityregulated? A- "Pipingassociated with undergroundstorageused for the of purpose processing facility inventory"is subjectto regulatory oversightunder OSHAPSM.. .406(b). underground "managing SDO complieswithOSHA's Process SafetyManagementof HighlyHazardous regulations,whichinclude requirementsfor preventingand minimizing consequences catastrophicreleases of toxic, reactive,or explosivechemicalsthat could result in toxic,fire explosionhazards.Asthese requirementshave been appliedtoall hazardous pipingand equipmentwithin the SDO facility,Dow believes that compliancewith OSHA PSMismore Chemicals (PSM) of or#

Page 6Mr. John A. Gale PHMSA,U.S. Departmentof January24,2017 Page3 Transportation PSM applicableto facilityoperations supportinga chemical manufacturing scopeof the PipelineSafety Requirements.Itshould alsobe noted that in requirementsmustbe appliedto pipeline specificationstoensuresafe facilitythan the some cases,OSHA operationsofcertain limited lines. hi and the summary,basedonthe pipingwithin theSDO facilitymeetsthe SDO complieswith standards,Dowdoesnot believePHMSA's standards applytoSDOin -plant piping.Dow requeststhat providea applicabilityofPHMSA jurisdictionfor the in -plant pipingsystemsatthe SDO fact that definition of in -plant piping OSHAPSM pipeline safety PHMSA written interpretationon facility. If hesitatetocontactmeat youwould liketo discuss,orneed anyadditional information for yourconsideration, pleasedonot (979)238-0361. Sincerely, JenniferAshcraft Sr. Regulatory Compliance Specialist TheDowChemical Company 2301 N. BrazosportBlvd.,B-101 Freeport,Texas 77541-3257 (979)238-0361 Enclosures:PHMSA Interpretation#PI ProposedFAQfrom PHMSA -95-056, Subcommitteeon Midstream Facility Safety(PHMSATAC) cc: StephanieWeidmanPHMSA ProgramManager,Railroad Commission of Samuel Copeland,Railroad Commission of Texas,Houston District Office Texas,Austin#

Page 7BEIGHLE. 195 Page1 December 27,1995 Mr. Bruce D. Beighle PipelineEngineer Unifield Engineering 320South 24thStreet Billings,Montana 59101 Dear Mr. Beighie: Thisletteranswersthe hazardous Wewere questionsin yourletterofNovember 18, 1994,about applyingthe liquidpipeline safety regulations(49CFRPart 195)totransfer pipingat petrochemical plants. unableto respondsoonerbecause ofthe needfor agency-wide coordinationonmatters involvingthisnew programarea. Department's WhetherPart appliesto particulartransfer piping dependsprimarilyonthree exemptionsfrom the pipelinesor pipelinesegmentsare exempt,unless they transporta highlyvolatile (HVL)or arelOcatedina non-rural area, navigablewaterway,oroffshore (195.1(b)(3)). Refiningand manufacturingfacilities (e.g., petrochemical plantfacilities)are exempt,includingin- plant pipingsystemsand storageassociated with those facilities (195.1(b)(6)). groundsofmaterials transportationterminalsare exemptifthe facilities exclusively liquidbetweennon -pipelinemodes of transportation(e.g., bargeand railroad)or -pipelinemode anda pipelinemode,not includinganydevice andassociated pipingthat are necessaryto control pressurein the pipelineunder §195.406(b) (195.1(b)(7)(ii)). Noneofthe other exemptionsfromPart 195 is relevantto (exceptforthe exemptionmentioned inanswerto question im). The in -plantand terminal piping exemptionsunder §195.1(b)(6)and (b)(7)are subjecttothe definition and interpretations: oTheterm"in -plant pipingsystem"is defined in §195.2as "pipingthat is locatedonthe groundsofa plantand used totransfer hazardous liquidor carbondioxide between plantfacilitiesorbetween facilities anda pipelineorother mode of transportation,not includinganydeviceand associated pipingthatare necessarytocontrol ii the pressure pipelineunder §195.406(b)." oIfthere isno pressurecontrol deviceon plant groundsthatis required by§195.406(b)for safe operationofa jurisdictionalpipeline servingthe plant,in -plant pipingextendstothe (57FR56305 and59 FR 33389). oIfthere is sucha deviceon plantgrounds,Part 195 appliestothe deviceand to plant pipingthat connectsthe devicetothe jurisdictional pipeline(57FR56305 and 59FR 33389). oIfthe groundsofa plantare separated bya single public thoroughfare,transfer pipingthatcrossesthe thoroughfarefromone partofthe planttothe other ison plant groundsfor purposesofthe in pipingdefinition (59FR 33389). public thoroughfaresare roadwaysbutnotrailroads (59FR 33389). oBecausethe in -plant pipingexemption (195.1(b)(6))is comparabletothe terminal facilities exemption (195.1(b)(7)(ii)),the above interpretationsofin -plant pipingalso applyto exemption. 195 regulations: oLow-stress liquid o oFacilitiesonthe transfer hazardous betweena non yourinquiry gathering following plant plant boundary -plant o Single determining the limits oftheterminal facilities 95-12-27.doc 195.302, 195.1, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 8BEIGHLE.195 Page2 Questionla Dothe above in -plant,intra -facility, delivery,and inter -facilitytransfer pipingdefinitions correctlydefinethe four typesof petrochemicalfacilitytransfer pipingsystems(excluding gathering transfer piping)? AnswerThe typeoftransfer pipingisnotafactor in decidingwhether particularlow-stress pipingis the subjecttoPart QuestionlbDoattached Figures1, 2, 3,and4 four typesoflow-stresstransfer pipingsystems? 195. correctlydelineate OPS jurisdictionalboundaries for Figure1 depictsa plantserved by pipeline,rail, truck,and vessel transportation,with low- stresstransfer pipingon plantgrounds.Exceptfor the intrastate pipeline,which appearstocrossthe plantgrounds,all pipingwouldcomeunder the in -plant piping exemptionifthere isno pressurecontrol device onthe pipingtocontrol in the pressure pipelineunder §195.406(b).If suchadevice exists,the pipingbetween the device and the intrastate pipelinewouldcomeunderPart 195. Answer device and Figure2 depictsa plantin which storagefacilitiesare separatedfrom processfacilities bya thoroughfareand othernon -plantpropertyina populatedarea.A low-stresstransfer line connectsthe processand storagefacilities. The line segmentbetween the processand storagegroundsdoesnot qualifiasin -plant pipingbecause it crosses morethana single thoroughfare.Thus,thisoff- public groundssegmentis subjecttoPart 195.The segmentoftransfer line inside the processgroundsis also subjecttoPart 195,becauseit connectsthe jurisdictionaloff -groundssegmenttoa necessary pressure controldevice. Ifthere isno necessary pressurecontrol deviceonthe transfer line segmentinside the storagegrounds,that segmentwouldmeetthe in -plant pipingdefinition because it transfers hazardous liquidbetweenthe jurisdictionaloff -groundssegmentand plantfacilities (thestoragetanks). single public Sononeofthe jurisdictional in arenot Storageassociated with refiningand manufacturingfacilities is exemptfromPart 195under §195.1(b)(6). storagetanks wouldcomeunderPart 195,unless the tank providessurgerelieffora pipelineor pipelinesegment.When storagetanks providethis pipelineoperationalfunction additiontotheir plantstoragefunction, theyarenot exemptunder §195.1(b)(6). Similarly,such exemptasterminal facilities under §195.1(b)(7). tanks Figure3 depictsa plantserved by pipeline,truck, rail,and vessel transportationoff plant groundsina ruralarea.These transportationmodesareconnectedtothe plantfacilities byalow-stresstransfer systemthat beginsina navigablewaterwayoroffshore andcrosses aninland navigablewaterway. Becausethe systemis ina rural area,the low-stress pipeline exemptionwould apply,exceptfor segmentofthe systemthat transfersHYLand the segmentsthatcrossoffshoreor areas.IfHYLis transferred,the segmentofthe systemthat transfersHVLoff plantgroundswouldnot bein -plant pipingand, thus,wouldbe subjecttoPart195. Also,Part 195would applytothetransfer line segmenton plantgroundsthatconnectsthe necessary pressurecontrol devicetothe jurisdictionaloff- groundsHYL segment. piping any navigablewaterway Figure4 depictstwo plants,Aand B,ina populatedareaconnected byalow-stresstransferlinethat crosses a railroad,a publicthoroughfare,and othernon -plantproperty.The transferline segment betweenthetwo plantscrossesnon -plantpropertyin additiontoa public thoroughfare,and, thus,isnot in -plantpiping.The transfer line segmentinside PlantAisnotin -plant pipingbecauseit connectsthe jurisdictionalsegmentbetween the plantstoa necessary pressurecontrol device. The segmentinside PlantBconnectsthe jurisdictionalsegmenttoanother necessary pressurecontrol device, and, thus,is subjecttoPart 195. also 95-12-27.doc 195.1, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106, 195.302, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 9BEIGHLE.195 Page3 Questionic Is highstress SMYS)transfer waterwaysorthird propertyin populatedareas subjectto49 CFRPart 195? pipingdoesnot qualififor the pipeline exemptionorthe in exemption.Itwould be subjecttoPart 195,unless otherwise exemptunder §195.1(b). (>20% piping crossing navigable party AnswerThetransfer low-stress -plant piping QuestionidIf one highstress transfer pipingsegmentis subjectto49CFRPart 195,is theentire transfer pipingsystemcovered fromeach line's pressurecontroldevicetothe (inthe absence ofanother pressurecontrol device)? Answer Applicationof Part 195toone segmentofatransfer systemdoesnot necessarilycausePart 195to applytoother partsofthe system.The applicationofPart 195toother partsofthe system dependson applicationofthe exemptionsunder §195.1(b)(3),(b)(6),and (b)(7),as explainedabove. adjacent facility's property line Questionle Istransfer pipingwhich crossesa railroad spur,levee,third partyeasement (i.e., pipeline), orthird party property(i.e., pumpstation fee property)whichis entirelywithina plant facility'sfenced propertyboundaryconsidered in -plantpipingorintra -facility piping? AnswerThe pipingwould bein -plant pipingas longasit is located and functionsas provided bythe definition ofin -plantpipingsystem.Part 195does notusetheterm"intra -facility piping."Within afenced boundary, indicatingtheextent of plant grounds,in -plant pipingcaninclude crossingsofrailroad spurs,levees, pipelineeasements,andeven separatelyowned pipeline pumpstations,becausethe crossingsare onland that is generallyassociatedwith plantfunctions,with access subjectto transfer plant control. Questionif Isintra -facilitytransfer pipingwhich crosses a navigablewaterwayor crossesthird propertyina populatedarea,other thana single public thoroughfare, subjectto 49CFRPart 195? party AnswerTransfer pipingbetween adjacent groundsofthesame plantin a populatedarea, propertyother thana single publicthoroughfare,is subjecttoPart 195 becauseneither the low -plant piping exemptionapplies. igIsintra -facilitytransfer pipingwhich crossesthird party propertyinaruralareaor single public thoroughfareina populatedarea exceptedfrom separatedby -stressnor in crosses Question a 49CFRPart 195? AnswerTransfer pipingbetweenthe groundsofa plantthatare separated bypropertyother than single public thoroughfareisnotin -plantpiping.Such pipingwould be covered byPart 195,unlessthe low -stress exemption applies.Ifthe plantgroundsare separated only bya singlepublic thoroughfare,the transfer pipingwould be exemptasin -plant piping,evenifthe piping transportsHVL.Whetherthearea is ruralor populatedis onlya factor in determiningifthe exemption appliestothe a low-stress piping. third Questionih Is deliveryorinter -facilitytransfer pipingwhich crossesa navigablewaterwayor crosses propertyina populatedarea, includinga subjectto49 CFRPart party single public thoroughfare, 195? Answer Part 195wouldcoverthe pipingthat 95-12-27.doc crosses pipingbecause the low -stress pipelineexemptiondoes navigablewaterwaysor populatedareas.The in -plant applyto piping exemptionis not 195.1, 195.2,195.5, 195.106, 195.302,195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 10BEIGHLE.195 Page4 inapplicablein thissituation because it appliesto pipinginsidea plantorbetween partsofthesame plantseparated bya single public thoroughfare. Questionii Is deliveryorinter -facilitytransfer pipingwhich exceptedfrom49 CFRPart 195? AnswerIfthe low-stress pipeline,the partypropertyinaruralarea pipingisa crossingofrural propertyoff -plant groundsis exempt under the low -stress pipeline exemption,unlessthe pipelinetransportsHVL.Ifnotalow-stress pipeline, the rural crossingwouldcomeunderPart 195,even transportedisnot highly only crossesthird ifthehazardous liquid volatile. Question ijIsa roadwaylocatedon an ArmyCorpsof Engineer'slevee considereda single public thoroughfare? AnswerIfthe roadwayisa single public thoroughfare,it structureonwhichthe roadwaylies. the So applytoa atopalevee. Question1k jointlyowned and operated,which segments crossingthe owner's propertyare subjectto49 CFRPart 195? Answer Joint ownershipisnotafactor in decidingwhetheratransfer line comesunderPart 195. However,ifthe adjacent plantgroundsare contiguous,we consider each segmenton plant groundstobe in -plant pipingthat is exemptfromPart 195, exceptfor any segmentthatconnectsa wouldnotlosethis characterization because ofthe thoroughfareinterpretationmay roadway Ifatransfer line is adjacent plant necessarypressure control devicetoanoff -grounds pipeline. Question11If partorall ofthe "plantgrounds"areleased froma third partyorstate/local agency,are the plant's pipingfacilitieslocated onthese groundsconsidered in -plant piping uptothe line (inthe absenceofa pressurecontrol device)? AnswerThe leasingofreal propertytoconduct plantprocesses determiningtheextent plantgrounds.Thus,transfer pipinglocatedonleased real propertymay qualififor the in -plantpiping exemption.Ifa necessarypressurecontrol device isnot partofthe pipingon plant grounds,the boundaryofthe groundsdefines the limit ofin -plant piping. Questionim Arelow-stress gatheringline segments crossing navigablewaterwaysin rural subjectto49 CFRPart 195? AnswerRural petroleumgatheringlinesare exemptfromPart 195under §195.1(b)(4),regardlessof operatingstresslevelor crossingsof navigable waterways. QuestioninIf only10%ofa transferline is subjectto49 CFRPart 195,whatarethe maintenance, operations,and emergency responserequirementsfor the remaining90% ofin uptothe plant'spressurecontrol device? Answer Assumingthe jurisdictional segmentlies immediatelyoff plantgrounds,the line segment pressurecontrol deviceand the off -groundssegmentis also subjecttoPart leased property isafactor in of areas minimum -plant piping between the 195. necessary 95-12-27.doc 195.1, 195.302, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 11BEIGHLE.195 Page5 The minimum operations,and emergency maintenance, SubpartFofPart 195. QuestionloIfamarine and 29 CFR 1910.119 (OSHA),canthe dock requestforwaiver? responserequirementsfor piping subjecttoPart 195arein transfer lineis maintained and operatedin pipingbe exceptedfrom compliancewith 49 CFRPart 33 CFR (USCG) 195 by filinga Answer Absenta necessary pressurecontrol deviceonthe dock,the dock pipingwould be excepted bytheterminal exemption(195.1(b)(7)(ii)).Ifnot exempt,any operatormay petitionfor Part 195 any requirement.However,waiversare granted onlywhena requirementis found inappropriateor unnecessaryfor safetyin particularcircumstances. Overlappingjurisdictionwouldnot byitselfbe sufficient reasonforawaiver. Question ipArethermal relief devices,which providelimited overpressureprotectionto aboveground piping,considered pressurecontrol devices under § 195.406(b)and demarcatethe in fromPart 195 waiver of -plant jurisdiction boundary? Answer Under § 195.406(b), operatorsmusthave adequatecontrolsand protective equipmentto control pressurewithin the allowable limit. Althougha thermal reliefdevice maybe necessaryunder § 195.406(b)tocontrol pressurein some aboveground piping,additional equipmentor controls maybe needed, consideringthe foreseeable causesof pressurevariations. Therefore,the mayor maynotmark the end ofPart 195 jurisdictionover pipinginside the plant. Question lqIsa low-stresstransfer line segment,with overtwo yearsof consistent service,which is 195.5- subjectto49 CFRPart 7/12/96,then requiredto complywith thermal reliefdevice determined tobe 195after ConversiontoService? AnswerThe conversion regulationin §195.5 appliesto pipelines beingconverted dioxideservice fromsome other typeofservice (e.g.,natural gas).Section195.5 applyto pipelines alreadyin hazardous liquidservice whenPart 195 becomes applicabletothe lines. Question2a Arethe followingline Figure5] exceptedfrom49CFRPart 195 duringinter- facilitytransfersfrom PlantA toPlantB: SegmentbetweenPlantA pressurecontrol device and PlantA propertyline (consideredin piping) Segmentbetween propertylines (considereda single public crossing) SegmentbetweenPlantB propertylineand Plant B storagetanks (consideredin -plant pipingdueto absenceofaPlantB pressurecontrol device locateddownstream ofthe propertyline) pressurecontrol device (considereda device operatedas partofan exceptedtransfer line) Figure5 depictsstoragefacilities oftwo plants,Aand B, separatedbya single public thoroughfareand other property.The separate storagefacilitiesare connected byalow pipingsystemthat alsoconnectsbetween the plantstoanintrastate pipelinethat delivers to,and receives from,both plants.Weassumeall storageisassociated with plantfacilitiesthatare exemptunder §195.1(b)(6),and that ownershipand operationofthe transfer lineare independentofthe intrastate pipeline.Our answersfollow in thesameorder 95-12 -27.doc tohazardous liquid orcarbon doesnot segments[in o -plant o PlantAand PlantB thoroughfare o oPlantA Answer -stresstransfer asthe questions: 195.1, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106, 195.302, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 12BEIGHLE.195 Page6 oThe line segmentinside PlantAwould be subjecttoPart segmentbetween the plantsis subjecttoPart and the 195 pressurecontrol device inside PlantAis requiredby§195.406(b)for safe operationofthe between-the -plantssegment. oThe between-the -plantssegmentisnotcovered bythe interpretation,becausethe thoroughfaredoesnotdividea solitary plant.Ifthe between-the -plantssegmentis inarural area,the segmentis covered bythe low-stress pipeline exemption,unless it transportsHVL.Iftheareais populated(non-rural),the segmentis subjecttoPart oThe segmentinside PlantBis covered bythe in -plantpiping exemptionif,asthe drawingindicates, necessary pressurecontrol deviceonthe PlantB pressurecontrol deviceis subjecttoPart 195if it is required by§ 195.406(b)for operationof any jurisdictionalsegmentofthe transfer lineorofthe ifthe 195 thoroughfare 195. there is no segment. oThe PlantA intrastate pipeline. Question2bIfthe transfer linealso ties intoan intrastate pipeline(trunkline)on/off plant grounds,is the segmentoftransfer line from PlantA pressurecontroldevice (tank pump)tothe third partypipeline connection consideredalow-stressbranch line ofthe intrastate pipelinesystem,withtheintrastate pipelineoperatorresponsibleforbranch line complianceand the plant only responsiblefor compliancewith49 CFRPart 195? intrastate pipelinewouldnot byitselfmake anypartofthe pipelineand shift responsibilityfor compliancetothe intrastate pipelineoperator. compliancewithPart 195is the responsibilityofthe entitythatowns or operatesa pipeline comesunderPart 195. However,ifthe intrastate pipelineoperatorrelieson a control plantpressure deviceor storagetanktocontrol pressurein the intrastate pipeline,that operatorwould also haveto assurethat the device ortank piping complywithPart 195.Whena and associated pipelineoperatorand a planthave overlapping compliance responsibility,weholdthe pressure control device AnswerConnection with the transfer linea branch ofthe intrastate In general, that pipeline operatorprimarily responsible. Question2cIfboth plantsAandB own/operatethe segmentoftransfer line from the intrastate pipelineconnectiontoPlant B,which pipelineoperator(intrastate,Plant A,orPlant B)is responsiblefor compliancewith requirementsfor the jointly 49CFRPart 195 jurisdictionalsegment(s)? Answer Althougheach jointowner is ultimatelyresponsiblefor compliance,wewould holdtheowner that operatesthe transfer line primarily responsible.IfA andB jointlyoperatethe PlantB segment,then eitherAor B,or both,would be held responsiblefor compliance.Wewould holdthe operatorofthe pipeline primarily responsibleonlyifthat operatorwereto relyon a plantpressurecontrol storagetank for necessary pressurecontrol in the intrastate pipelineand the intrastate deviceor PlantB segment effectsthat control. Question3a -plant pipingand transfer facilities [Figure6]are property(third party),which line segmentsare subjectto49 CFRPart 195? allin Since locatedon or acrossleased Figure6 depictsPlantA insidea leased,fenced area,which is connected bya low-stress transfer linetoaleased dock locatedon a navigablewaterwayoroffshore.Between PlantA and the dock,thetransferlinecrosses propertyleased byPlant B,afenced public thoroughfarebuiltona andwaters leadingtothe dock. Answer levee, Regardingthe leases,the existence ofalease authorizing plantorterminal operationsisa factorin decidingtheextentof plantorterminal groundsunder the in -plant pipingand terminal pipingexceptions. Another factor isthe presenceofafenceorother demarcation indicating propertyused for plantor terminal operations. Applyingthese factors,it appearsthat the PlantAfencedareaand the leased dock 95-12-27.doc 195.1, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106, 195.302, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 13BEIGHLE.195 Page7 representplantand grounds. AlthoughPlant Bleased propertymayalso qualifias plant grounds,the transfer line in question merelycrosses PlantB propertywithno apparentinvolvement in PlantB processes.So PlantB crossingdoes not qualififor the in -plant pipingexemption. Astowhich segmentsare subjecttoPart 195,ifthe transfer line HVL,the transports exemptionwouldnot apply.However,in theabsence ofa necessarypressurecontrol device,the terminal exemptionwould excludethe dock segment.The in -plant exemptionwould notexclude the segmentin PlantA becauseofthe pressurecontrol device.Ifa hazardous liquidother than HVLis transported,the low -stress exemptionwouldnot exclude anysegmentina non -rural, navigable waterway,or offshore area. Thein -plantand terminal pipingexemptionswouldthen applyasstated for HYL transfers. Question3b When pumpingfromthe dock tothe plant,is onlythe aboveground segmentofmarine pressurecontrol device (dock pump)tothe navigable waterwayhightide line deliverypiping subjectto 49 CFRPart 195? Thedirection offlowwould not changethe explainedin answerto 3a,unlessthe dock segmenthasa pressurecontrol device 195.406(b)Sucha device be somethingother than the pumpitse11 suchas a pumpcontrol deviceor pressurereliefvalve. Question3c Consideringthe definitionsofin -plant pipingand deliverylines,can anymarinetransfer system'sdock facilities be exceptedfrom 49 CFRPart 195under anycircumstances? Yes,ifthedock facilitiesare bythe in -plantor terminal pipingexemptions,as above. Otherwise,low-stress pipelinesegmentsthatcross navigable waterwaysoroffshore exemptfromPart 195. Question3d When pumpingfromPlantA dock,is the segmentofmarine transfer linefrom the pressurecontrol device (tank pump)tothe propertyline considered in -plantpipingand not subjectto49 terminal the low-stress transfer line from the considered Answer Part195 coverage Question would required by§ Answer covered discussed are not tothe CFRPart 195? Answer (hydrostatic testing the Yes,unlessthe continuingline segment immediatelyoff plantgroundsis subjecttoPart 195 and the device is requiredto pressurein that segment.Also,the devicemustbe somethingother than the pumpitself. Question3eWill the existingMemorandum of Understanding(MOU)between RSPAand USCG remainin effect grantingUSCG primacyfor enforcingmarine deliveryline operator compliancewith OPA 1990 regulations(33CFRPart154 in placeof49 CFRPart 194), giventhe new49 CFRPart overlapforthese lines? Answer RSPAand haveanMOU concerningregulationsunder OPA 1990. theUSCG's authorityunderOPA preclude applicationofPart 195tomarine Question4aIf low-stress transfer line segments subjectto 8/11/94are exceptedfrom SubpartC (designrequirements)and SubpartE requirements),but not SubpartF (operationand requirements),then pressurelimit criteria (5)above [195.406(a)(5)]onlyusedto determinethe segment'sMOP? control 195 USCGdonot However, 90 doesnot transferlines. 49 CFRPart 195which aremodified or constructed before maintenance is 95-12 -27.doc 195.1, 195.302, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 14BEIGHLE.195 Page8 Answer Todetermine theMOPofalow pipelineconstructed before August11, 1994,a pressure in § 195.406(a)that appliestothe pipeline.MOPisthe §195.406(a)(5)donot applytolow-stress pipelinesconstructed transportsHVL and isnot pressuretested under §195.302 -stress mustbe calculated under each ofthe criteria lowest ofthese The criteria of pressures. before August11,1994,unless the pipeline (see§195.302(b)(1)(iv)). Question4bIf4a applies,cantheMOPbe established by pressurelimit criteria (5)above foralow- stressmarine transfer line segmentwhich has experiencedadocumented4hour continuous pressuretest (under33 CFR)oran operatingpressureexceeding pressurelimit criteria hydrostatic (1), (2), (3),or (4) above? AnswerSection before Under hours is sufficient for determine MOPunless that 195.406(a)(5) appliesto determiningtheMOPofa low-stress pipelineconstructed August11, 1994, onlyifthe pipelinetransportsHVLand isnot pressuretested under §195.302. §195.406(a)(5),any properlydocumented testor operatingpressureheld foratleast4 continuous compliance.However,a pressurecalculated under §195.406(a)(5)wouldnot pressureis the lowest pressurecalculated under §195.406(a). Question4c To properlydetermine the MOPfor anyjurisdictionalline coveredunder or §195.302(b)(3),musttheabove five pressurelimitsbe determinedwith the lowest establishingthe line segment'sMOP? §195.302(b)(1) pressure Answer Forlow-stress pipelinesconstructed before August11, 1994,the lowest pressure amongthe applicablecriteria in §195.406(a)determinesMOP.Butall criteria donot applytoall pipelines.For example,apartfrom converted pipelines,§195.406(a)(l) applies onlyto pipelinesforwhich internal design pressuremust be calculatedunder §195.106 (i.e., pipelinesconstructed, replaced,relocated,or otherwise changedafter the applicabledate in §195.401(c),or August10, 1994,for low-stress pipelines). Also,thecriteriain § 194[sic].406(a)(3)and (a)(4)donot applyto pipelinesthatarenot subjectto pressuretestingunder SubpartEofPart 195. And,asindicated above, §195.406(a)(5)has limited applicationto existinglow-stress pipelines.So,for low -stressnon-I-IVL pipelinesconstructed before August11, 1994, only componentdesignpressureunder §195.406(a)(2) appliesto determiningMOP.If this designpressureis unknown,then the operatorwould havetoestablishamaximum pressurefor safe operationofthe pipelinewithin the proceduresfor normal operationunder §195.402(a). Question4dIf4a applies,canthe% SMYSat MOPofan existingundocumented subjectto49 CFRPart 195be determined by usingaminimum yield strengthof 24,000 thickness measurements,sinceeach section's internal designpressure(andtherefore willnotbe requiredtobe determined under § transfer line segment psiand wall pipe specifications) 195.406(a)? AnswerIfMOPcannotbe determined § 195.406(a)foralow-stress pipelineconstructed before August11, 1994,the requirementsof §195.106 (referencedin § 195.406(a)) providea guideto determiningamaximum for safe pressure operationunder § 195.402(a).Section195.106 permits24,000 psias yield strengthin the design pressureformula ifthe pipeSMYSis unknown andthe material isnot under tensile tested. Question4e Cana yieldstrengthof psibe usedtodetermine theinternal designpressurefor low-stress pipesegments(undocumentedandnottensile tested)witha yield strengthat MOPnot exceeding24,000 24,000 psi? 95-12-27.doc 195.1, 195.2, 195.5,195.106, 195.302, 195.401, 195.402,195.406#

Page 15BEIGHLE.195 Page9 Answer Seeanswer to question4d. factors Question4f Can anylow-stresstransfer pipingless thanor equalto (per §195.106),use adefault pipe designpressureof200 §195.406ifnot previouslytestedto 12-3/4",with psigtodetermine unknown it's design [sic]MOPunder yield? AnswerThe200 However,the operationof psigpressureunder §195 .406(a)(1) applies onlyto pipelinesconverted under §195.5. psigpressure maybe usedas a guideto determiningamaximum pressureforsafe pipelinesless thanor equalto12-3/4" whoseMOPcannotbe determined under §195.406. 200 4gOtherthan pipingcovered under per§195.106? Question that §195.5 (conversionto service),what49 CFRPart §195.302(b)(1)and (b)(3)musthavean 195 requirementsstipulate internal designpressuredetermined AnswerThe internal designpressurerequirementsof §195.106 applyto pipelinesconstructed after the applicabledates in §195.401(c).The pipelinescovered by§195.302(b)(1)and (b)(3)towhich §195.106 appliesareinterstate pipelines,other than low-stress pipelines,constructed between March 1970,and January8,1971. only 31, Sincerely, Cesar DeLeon DeputyAssociate Administrator for Pipeline Safety 95-12-27.doc 195.302, 195.401, 195.402,195.406 195.1, 195.2, 195.5, 195.106,#

Page 160 0. a In en ii:i C- U ou_ a) 4W C 4-' w4-' ckEU ,0 V) 1 WC Lfl '-4 (oC 0 rJ (U 4-' a) a) hA "w .i>' 4-' Sn 1# t4-' In 4-'U >9 11I 00 u H I (U CbO - OC - 4-'Ui w CU =2#

Page 17C (t) 0 (0 '3>E a)00 C 4- 0 (1) CULt) a) tWV) '- a) E o (U La) (I) >(0 '3L,) <Ec:0 V.) L cTcu2 -o.o (0 C :9 a)J 0bi - Eo b1Oo-a) Co- - CN0 .2 t1Otp >.4J 4J_ a)0 C> >4 cU0 -> 4-,- I - I V.' _____ (Uaj ,i4._P (U C (I) b1 (1) (3 4._P -I- O >J4LJ (\J(ñ- V.) 4a)V) ->(04-i 004J 4i ci)I- (0•0_.- (,1_o _Q', V- 00r>V.) a) 0 4 - 0 4J V.)(U a 4.) ± Tj(U CV)U C0'30(0(0 (Uc4-CO <-a) V)(I)b.O 'b? 0-o ." (1.) (0 t4E0-<(Ua) a)0 4JQQ) <LI.) - ± c g4 ci) c C/DQ-0Ho#

Page 18-o -Q (0 4J a) 'I a) a) 4) E E 0 U -o :3 (1) I • (1) (13 a) I $ > . >-0 LO -(I) ::= 0 0 • F- - 1_n >-.= '-''4-- U,U, a). - C 0 4J EE .- ror) >0co 0 0 .oa) C a) (00 0 > LbJ -C 4J bOO (0 "1 -co bO- a) If) 4- U) C b.O a)L -c 0- 'Ia) I C WJ 0 Ec E-3_ -- - Wr 00 a) G) -c c:-0 C - 04-'I 4k-cu U, (I -I a) 4C >-' 'I LI (a 4) C._ - 4_J •- (I 4 CE -o o - - .- 9- a)a0- 1_n >.-omC a)Sh_ "-.1.__ 4J#

Page 19. 'S S I SI SI • . • SI S I S II I 4 SI I I •1 S U I S I S S. S • • SS •. SS •ISISI. S I • S. S I •'U.S S I SI • aSS I5I • S Sa I .5 I I S • I • I S. I S I : b ' •i• ,Sa • aI SS .. S ' • : • S S I#

Page 20a a a• 1 • -4 I S 4 a a a 4 I I I I I • I •a I 4 a S. a a I S IS S- . S S S • S aI • S S a I S as • I 4 5SI4 I •I I a •45 a•II aS • ' IS S •S I a a i IS I I I a S S SI 4 5 5 4 I • I I S • a *1 S. • S a • • S I * a a S a 4 • S• I 4 a II S • S -4 I I a I I • , 4 5• 4 S a aa 1 4 S a a I a 4 4 a •a •a S SI U, a 4 S' • S#

Page 2100 4-4-' va) "I - Ii (1)_i- ' (U(0 ,-i C >Q)Y00 WvC (1) 04-' U u Q) - (0 _U (U= 0-_CV) W4-O(0 G)- v0QV) (04-' Ctxot, L • -I-)(Pt o 0.uc-JEa) o G) W4--- C- a)ro2>Ca) FUU0a)Q#

Page 22S -o a) -o >- 4-J U (0 4- a) U 0 0 -o C bO C 1I' a) U 0 a) j. LJ_ • S • a S • S. • • S •1 S •S • I • S S I S I S • a • S. S • I S S SS I • I S • S S S. S • I S S •SS :• a I • I I IS S • S a S I S S • S I IIS Ia • •I S I w I • • I • ISI'I S • •S • I SI • SI ' S •• I a , 5. I I#

Page 23a) 0 - a) (0 a) C a) a) 4- 4-I a)0 -c a 0 C - C*- - - 4- • - 1)b CL, a) 3)0 (0 U a)•9 4J I I *. (0 cZç-- I • SI S I 4 I I I 4 I I a I S 0 1 5 • S I 0 0 I S I I 0 S I .a I I * S S I -4 a S • I I -4 S a. 0 S S S SI I I I S 0I I I I • S S I • S • S S#

Page 24- .4_J o (13 (0 0o rro - -_ (13w 4- Lfl (1. ci) - LJ (J*) t,s #1 (13 0O- 0 >r4J ',)_c 0_ 0) Q4) Wb>rl (0 n (13_C __J ('3 Ec ci) >CLU) * - (0 CL Q4- u 0 -bo (1310 mc > in in o EcuL) = Q C ow W10 :3 Q) W::= <CCL>4J Eo L/) -o--) I Co 0LfL.. ina) C C > o jv0 a) o_rsiC - 0 %&F L 0 0-'-a in U r n (1) >LCbo c5#

Page 250- 4-' 0 4-' (r, a U U, >rU, 4-' _U, U) 4- 0) >0 --04-' E •- Q , I-&- 0)U) 0_u C tiU)> 0 -0 >4- 4-' 4-' b0 0o II- S. S a 4 I a 0I a a S a I I a a a a I 4 I, a I S I a I a S • I I I S I • a • a I * S a a S •S a I • a I I I • a S S I 0$ I a a a • a I 'S I S#

Page 264- 0U ci) 4--' 0 04 4--I -jtlo (1) Vs :3 U >. (/) C (ii U "I (1) o 'hf> C. - - bf)OGJ U "' 0 'J) CD4- -o00 4- 0) 4J CD -0Q * 4- r r 0) LnLf 0- - cr - 0) aQ)Q -Eoi C CDZ - I-.. '1 1/) 4-0 LJJ D • -s--I -O rD_CD G) IbiD< Cr\J _ bID C > bID 4-CC o-°-s--' 04-$0)9-cL -'-j -J 4-' (0 UQ)0 0)ti >± ( Lt - ,IJ CD 'i-Cri•- bO0)+c CU0:3 > aw __ L) - u0) ••i. _r:/) >0rC (I jJ - 0 iP U - tt CU4#

Page 27-D 1) '3) (0 U bfl 0 '3) W4-J to 4- (0 (0 (0- .- 0 4J Jw (0> 0 _ U (Dç biD 4- gobDa) -o 'u_I 'J v 4J , vw I- -o a) hA4-4J (0 U 0 CC - biD C ow I- J: .4 C I a a I S 'I I a •1 SI I I S I a S S I S • I I a I a I a I 'S S S I •S •. -.1 I •. I a • I aa 'I I S I S 'S .5 I a • I#

Page 28a aS a ft S .1 4 a 4 a ft 4 ft I S fta aS a a .4 I a S S I II I •.a a a I S a •• •aa a S. S. a • S. 4 4 •S I I•I I I I Sft S a S I • aa ft ft I a S S I • •fta I. a. ftUS S asI I I I S ft I I I I • a• I I •a • a a a rn S ft I ft#

Page 29a) I 0 - a) 4..J ((11 __ -II cO _ 4J -- ci) $1 =-o-O" O>a) a) 4-"°w 3+- _o- >< a)0cU_UU z#